Geert Hofstede vs Fons Trompenaars

Geert Hofstede vs Fons Trompenaars intromissionHow do we market in divergent destinations? Although we lose done to a greater extent than searches active the diverse refinements, market, which is as a discipline, has lagged behind other(a) researches in recognizing the need for it. Before we ask order the importance of marketing in divers(prenominal) cultures, usu altogethery, the approach for marketing was excessively simple, and we pr locomoteic entirelyy give the frugal possibleness to explain facts and solve chores, however, international marketing and management is a kind of practical locomote, which is incompatible from the economic research. Firstly, we al rooms assume that tastes, cullences, and habits argon transferable in the midst of different countries secondly, it withal implies that we empennage do the wiliness freely in different countries. In the end of 20th century, we began to recline more than than than(prenominal) emphasis on the influence of heathenish differences, and more research contain been done about the cultural differences. Take wine as an example, level now wine has be gravel a global harvest, it lighten stools the French at least ten fourth dimensions bulkyer to chose the office vintage and grape combination than it does the Dutch, who range to be more focussed on price. If we ignore this kind of difference, wine producers back tooth non success in twain countries.The researches about cultural differences of marketing atomic issue 18 bland a brand-new field. The first serious book on the put in of the cultural aspects of marketing was written by Jean-Claude Usunier in 1997. In this book, he primary(prenominal)ly analyses the differences amongst cultural systems and refers that culture is in any case a factor affecting business, the likes of other socio-political,. financial, ecological, and legal factors. However, Usunier does non resolve the dilemmas and offer practica l solutions. Culture, establish on our research at Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, is different from what describe in Usuniers theory, which is not simply a factor like approximately processes in the transactional environment. The factor of culture challenges the fundamental strategy of marketing, customer relations management, definition of product, price, advertizement and other business processes. In short, culture is all pervading.However, so far in that respect atomic number 18 a few famous approaches to the whole subject of cultures and their clearification and generalization, that can be employed in developing a truly transnational approach to marketing. The ones that we ar going to discuss and comp ar further argon those of Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars.Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars biographies and theoriesGeert HofstedeHe is a dutch psychologist and writer who was innate(p) in 1928. Hofstede was interested in the influence of culture on volumes demeanor. He was inspired by the Culturalism (a trend which dominated the American sociology from the 1930s to the 1950s). The culturalists throttle culture as the trend of dealing, feeling and acting of a merciful sort, which was acquired and transmitted by symbols and which re benefactions its specific identity. (donner sources de la citation)Geert Hofstede explains the origins of the differences in behaviours, which can tend to problems. As we grow up and live in a multi-cultural world, we nonplus to understand why race from different nations act differently. This question is truly important in business when a come with from a definite coun turn in has to deal with a company from another country, or even within a company which is composed by employees from different nations, we have to know how to act and communicate.Hofstede wrote several books Cultures consequences (1984), Cultures and Organizations Software of the mind (1992), co-authored by his discussion Gert Jan Hofstede.To explain and solve the problems engendered by mint from different cultures living or extending together, he included 5 factors of cultural differentiation individualism/collectivism, masculinism/feminism, uncertainty avoidance, billet distance and long circumstance/short term preference. match to Hofstede, these 5 criteria explain the disparities mingled with the nations and the individuals. He applied his theories to all the countries in the world.Hofstede rehearsed his culture worthytys by examining work related set in employees of IBM during the 1970s.Fons TrompenaarsFons Trompenaars is a Dutch author in the field of cross-cultural communication. His books include Seven Cultures of Capitalism (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture (1998), Building cross-cultural Competence (2000), 21 Leaders for the 21st Century (2001) and Innovating in a Global Crisis (2009).Trompenaars studied Economics at the Free University of Amsterdam and posterior on earned a Ph.D. He experienced cultural differences first-hand at home, w here(predicate) he grew up speaking both French and Dutch, and and then by and by at work with Shell in nine countries, where he worked for 7 age as the director of the Human resources. At this moment, he wrote The Multi-cultural company (1993) in which he explains his theories. check to him, international companies tend to standardize their management mental process because of globalisation, and impose this way of appreciateing to their subsidiaries. Problems in companies appear as they dont diverge out care about the cultural differences of employees and certain slipway of managing are not appropriate to certain cultures.He defines culture as the way a human class solve its problems. Taking the example of Geert Hofstede and modifying his theories, he invented with Charles Hampden-Turner the 7 dimensions of cultural differentiations universalism/ naval divisionicularism, individualism/communitarianism, affective/neutral, specifi c/diffuse, achievement/ascription, consequent/ coetaneous, privileged/external control. These are the 7 criteria of cultural differentiation which have an uphold on the management trends. He shows how to manage complexity in a heterogeneous environment, which is a major challenge for at onces international managers and corporate leading as well as a critical component of long term success. He explains how to reconcile cultural differences, which exit lead to competitory advantage.Trompenaars wrote The Seven Cultures of Capitalism in which he applies his methods to 7 countries (France, Germany, US, Japan, Netherlands, UK and Sweden).Hofstedes dimensions of cultureIt is a great deal said that, deep inside, all masses are the selfsame(prenominal). But they are not. Actually, e trulyone is very different from the others. For those who work in international business, it is some sentences very hard to alter, because populate can live in very different ways. in that respectfore , if you go abroad and contract decisions based on how you usually perish in your own country, there are obvious chances you dont act properly.Geert Hofstedes researches sanction us to understand easier other cultures, so we can be more effective when interacting with race all around the world. For example, in some coutries, yes authority I hear you more than I agree. Stereotyping can have intense negative effects, especially when managers make fewer attempts to involve those of other cultures.Hofstede led a study on the IBM employees, in more than 50 countries. Its goal was to identify the major differences in mental programming. This worldwide epitome made him realize that there were five fundamental differences between the societies, which he called five dimensionsLow vs. soaring Power Distance Index (PDI)This dimension measures the level of e shade, or inequality, between people of one club and how frequently the less influent members experience the hierarchy. The institutions or geological formations where less advocateful members accept major power is distri unlessed unequally provide have a soaring PDI. This is alike often indicating that the governments al broken ined inequalities to grow within the alliance (ex Malaysia). Those countries will be more likely not to allow significant upward mobility of its citizens, because they accept grand and paternalistic relations. A low PDI indicates the society tends to reduce the differences between citizens power and wealth. In those cultures (ex Austria, Denmark), people expect power relations that are more democratic. They relate to others regardless of formal positions, such as if they were consulting them. Subordinates are more comfortable with contributing to and criticizing the decisions of those who are hierarchically mellowed.Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV)It focuses on how much people of a society define themselves apart from their group, and on how much the country emphasi zes individual or collective achievements. A High Individualism rank indicates that people are expected to develop and to be proud of their personalities and their choices. People often tend to form a higher number of looser relationships in those societies. A Low Individualism ranking typifies societies where the individuals are more likely to act as a member of a group (ex family, town, profession). This collectivized nature tends to develop relationships between individuals, and reinforce extend families.Masculinity vs. feminity (MAS)This dimension measures the degree the society reinforces the customsal masculine work role model (as understood in most western countries) or not. A High Masculinity ranking indicates the country gives a high importance on traditional male values (such as ambition, accumulation of wealth and power). Those societies emphasize high gender differentiation. In these cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society, objet dart females are under domination. In the reversion case, a low MAS will indicate that the society de-emphasizes the gender differentiation. In those countries, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. The valuable things are relationships and quality of life.This strong opposition between the quantity values (masculine societies) and the quality values (feminine societies) led many users of Hofstedes work to rename this index the mensuration of Life vs. Quality of life.Low vs. high Uncertainty scheme Index (UAI)It focuses on the level people try to cope with var. by fighting uncertainty and ambiguous situations within the society. A high UAI indicates a rule- orientated society, where citizens prefer perspicuous laws, rules and controls, in order to reduce the do of uncertainty (ex religion, food industry). A Low Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has less concern about ambiguity and has a greater tolerance for informal situations. This is refle cted in a society that is less rule-oriented, where people value implicit or flexible guidelines.Michael Harris Bond subsequently found a fifth dimension which was originally called Confucian dynamism. Hofstede later integrated this into his dimensions of culture as Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation (LTO)It focuses on the degree a society attaches importance to a future oriented perspective rather than a short-term point of view. In other words, this index describes the time horizon of a society (future vs. past and present). A high LTO characterizes countries where people value the styles that affect the future, such as perseverance, economy and shame. (ex Asiatic countries). Those societies are often superstitious or based on many truths or faiths. Cultures scoring low on this dimension suppose in absolute truth. They (ex Western countries) have a short-term preference course and a concern for immediate stability, which means they value actions that are bear upon by the past or the present (ex normative statements, evaluate for tradition and reciprocation of favors and gifts).Those five dimensions describe tendencies and not skillful characteristics of individuals. Consequently, a societys match should not be interpreted without no further reflection.Trompenaarss dimensions of cultureAccording to Trompenaars, culture is a way a group of people act to solve problems.From three basics which are the relationship with others, time and environment, Trompenaars identifies septette fundamental dimensions of culture.His definition of culture is a mix between organizational and national cultures.He proceeded by victimization a database which contained more than 30000 measure results so that he could analyse the seven dimensions of culture.Universalism vs. ParticularismIn universalistic cultures, people share the belief that general rules, codes, values and standards are much more important than needs, claims and relations.On the contrary, in a partic ularistic culture, people think that human relationships are more important than rules and codes. They are not against rules, they alone aim at showing that everybody can count on their friends. Rules come after human aspects.Individualism vs. Collectivism (Communitarianism)In individualistic cultures, people place the community after the individual, which is definitely the contrary in a communitarian culture.People are autonomous in the first case, they can take decisions, they can take care of them and their family on their own.In the second case, people are responsible for the good functioning of the society and are the mold of the health of a society containing his degree of involvement in the maturation of the society.Neutral vs. Affective RelationshipsPeople in an affective culture can show up there emotions and their feelings. They do not have to overcloud them and people from this type of culture sometimes interpret less explicit signals from neutral cultures.People in a neutral culture think that it is not correct to show emotions and feelings even if they have it. It is the degree of manifesting it which is restrict and controlled. They might interpret signals from an affective culture as excited and too emotional.Specific vs. Diffuse RelationshipsPeople in specific cultures incessantly start analyzing by polished details, specific elements to final examinationly put them together to have a global idea. They concentrate on facts, standards and contracts. They have a bigger specific sphere than the private one (which is very difficult to embark in.On the contrary, people in diffuse cultures start analyzing the whole and then the elements, but in a perspective of the whole because all elements are linked to severally other. In fact, the elements matter less than the link between them. They have a large private sphere and a small public one.Achievement vs. AscriptionThis cultural dimension is similar to the power distance dimension of Hofsede .In achievement cultures, people respect their colleagues basing their respect on anterior demonstration of companionship and previous achievements. They do not look at the title of peoples job.In ascription cultures, people use their titles of job and respect their hierarchical superior.Time orientationHe shows that meanings of past, present and future depend on cultures. For showcase, people who have a past-oriented culture respect older people and are quite traditional whereas people who have a future-oriented culture enjoy discussing potential and future achievement. in that respect is a second division of cultures possible thanks to time orientation which compares sequential and synchronic cultures. This dimension looks like a distribution of tasks in the time in a culture.People who have a sequential culture tend to do one activity at a time by following plans whereas people who have a synchronic culture can do many tasks and activities at a time by changing the subject at a ny time.Human-nature relationship ingrained vs. external controlThis last dimension lays the stress on the fact that cultures think that they control their environment and others think that they are controlled by it.In an internalistic culture like the United States, people lust that what happens to them is their own doing. umpteen Asian countries have an external culture in which the environment shapes their destiny. Because they dont believe they are in full control of their destinies, often externalistic people adapt to external circumstances.Comparison and criticismHofstedes aim was to evaluate work values, bit Trompenaars Hampden-Turners questionnaires inquired into respondents preferred behaviour in a number of both work and leisure situations. What both studies have in honey oil is that in both questionnaires the focus is on the ultimate goal state, and that the underlying values, the underwater part of the culture iceberg, are derived from a series of questions about more satellite layers of the culture onion, closer to the top of iceberg.Trompenaarss system appears focus-oriented it speaks a mound about what is on peoples minds and what is in their sight, it speaks about the logical organization and framework of their behaviour (specific vs. diffuse, internal vs. external control, universalism vs. particularism) and relationships (individualism vs. collectivism achievement vs. ascription neutral vs. affective). Hofstede, on the other hand describes some of values present in people and finally affecting their behavior. The difference therefore is that Trompenaarss investigation lies on the come forward of the investigation of the persons culture, showing exactly the choice and manner in which the actions are planned and handled, while Hofstede tries to go in the very deep of culture layers and lets us make our own forecasts of peoples behavior based on the knowledge of the hidden part of iceberg.Taking a closer look into the equality between the dimensions themselves, we can notice similarities between the deuce theories. wiz of these is the liberty between the notions of collectivism vs. individualism of Hofstede and communitarianism vs. individualism of Trompenaars. For a marketer, from our point of view, there is close no difference which index to use.There is some degree of similarity in Hofstedes power distance index and achievement vs. ascription. One values the accept degree of high word form/low class lifestyle and secondary characteristics difference, while the other measures the motivation of the low class to move higher. A marketer can infer that customers are remediate evaluated with the high power distance index in relation of exchange status-emphasizing products (like luxury brands), while Trompenaarss index is better used when selling low cost practical business tools (like cheap PDAs). We would advise to use the deuce indices together as they complement all(prenominal) other.Long-term vs. short-te rm orientation index of Hofstede has got something in common with the past/present/future orientation of Trompenaars. That is in the way, how i.e. short-term oriented cultures will show the same magnetic inclination to be populist, tradition-oriented as the past- and present-oriented cultures.After taking a look into evaluations of different cultures one can find that the results, obtained by the deuce theories are often counter logical. German corporate culture is hierarchical, as is claimed by Trompenaars in his studies. Whereas Hofstede identifies Germany as relatively low in terms of Power Distance.These differences in the approach attracted some serious criticism over the years. One of the most prominent points often criticized is Hofstede perception of culture as a inactive characteristic of societies and their representatives. This approach does not take into the flyer the cultural verify that can slowly be observed as the time passes by. As a vivid example, one can take the comparison between, say, the UK of the square-toed age and the Post Second World War UK and just try to assess the Power Distance Indices. Apparently, over this period of time peoples behavior has altered decorous to allow a society with a lot lower power distance, the facial expressions of which found their way in the art of the time as well as in the politics (Rise of the Labor society in 1945-1951) people of lower class were have become apprised to demand equality in these dimensions with the former unapproachable higher class, the expression of wealth and power and respect to it have decreased, as well as PDI. Similar drift patterns can now be observed today in some of the underdeveloped countries, like Mexico, where former strong collectivist communities are dissolving, as their member become more individualistic, pushed by their desire to be successful in the new highly moneymaking(prenominal)ized society. The same can be said about political influence on the cultu re (transition from Communist to Capitalist values). In other words it is easily observable that through time cultures evolve. Therefore the estimations for indices are slowly seemly outdated. Hofstede was later pushed by this evidence to regularly update his Index database, still retorting that cultural evolution is a very slow process. However the problem that whitethorn be hard to identify is actually not the quantitative, but rather the qualitative obsolescence of the framework itself, that will sooner or later present itself. I.e. what was reasonable and precise description in the 1970s can be an incomplete, flawed and vague characterization for 2010, and even more so for future.That is however just one of the many debatable things. Among the others are disbelief interpretation of the surveyed, i.e. will the question really be a precise way to determine the culture, as the culture and personality whitethorn forthwith affect the way the question is translated and thus produce errors in the resulting evaluation.Researchers backdrop diminishes the completeness of cultural description and offers one-sided look at the problem. This way it would be preferable for marketers to have a marketer, not a manager, to make the proper evaluations framework, which would be more suited for marketing decision making.Ignoring the ethnic group and communities presence, national culture fragmentation. Just saying that Germany has low UAC index may totally confuse the policymaker, as this does not differ between East, West and especially Turkish communities. Moreover, a study carried out only in only one company (Hofstede) cannot give an outlook on the built-in cultural system of a country.The cultural dimensions in international marketingWhy marketing uses the cultural dimensions?The Hofstede and Trompenaars cultural dimensions can be a useful tool for several themes, such as within the organization and the structure of a company or when trading with other countries. In f act, for those who works in an international business is essential to know the differences between countries and cultures.And moreover, cultural dimensions are also a encourageful instrument for marketing purposes due to the fact that they facilitate the design of an optimum strategy.Each society has developed through the history a different culture where it is super important to take into account the different ways of communication and the use of goods and services and the meaning of the lyric poem.Actually, the markets can be segmented by cultural dimensions then we can develop a marketing plan to exploit the common elements of these segments. Thus, we can affirm that in the international marketing, the success or mishap of a campaign depends on the prior analysis of the environment.The cultural analysis can also provide various guides to develop the marketing strategy, in fact, when a company is entering in a new market, in a foreign market, it is necessary to study the pop ulation and the society, the history and the culture. There is some data that we can obtain by public sources of information, and other data that has to be collected by the company itself. Concerning the culture and the habits of the society in a certain country, we can use the cultural dimensions theory developed by the two professors as a guideline, but it is also necessary to make a specific study, for the reason that every product is different and it is important to analyze which is the greatest manner to promote a new product in a foreign country regarding the different cultural dimensions.How to apply the cultural dimensions in a marketing linguistic context? For instance, we know, thanks to the theory elaborated by Geert Hofstede, that United States has low power distance, in marketing terms that should be translated in commercials and promotions where the communication mustiness be informal and friendly. In countries where the situation is totally different, the message for a new product must communicate that the product is well accepted in the society.These assumptions are the starting point, a part from them, the company will have to analyze the culture of the specific country itself taking into account the new product to be launched and thus create a commercial and a campaign with great results in that market.However, a company has two options to adapt the marketing strategy to each culture by using the cultural dimensions or to try to change the culture.For example in Japan, people is used to subtle publicity campaigns, nevertheless , when Procter hazard started to sell its products there, the company launched a very aggressive campaign that first shake all the Japanese society, but later it was copied by other Japanese companies. Procter Gamble changed part of the culture.Contribution of culture in international marketingIn our fast moving world, local markets are not big enough for companies willing to have more profits. The future of each co mpany that wants to be more important than its competitors is to go internationally. Selling a product routine be the more complicated things that companies will have to face while going internationally but the cultural interlingual rendition will be the hardest thing. There are different kinds of adaptation, the product adaptation, the administrative and law adaptation and the cultural adaptation that means the situations where you meet a client or you create a subsidiary elsewhere.The five dimensions, which are (cf 1, 4 in bibliography) PDI, IDV, MAS, UAI and LTO come from an analysis done by Geert Hofstede while working at IBM and essay to understand the employees attitudes at IBM worldwide. Actually, it is important to know that the 5 cultural dimensions of GH help individuals and companies to understand, analyse and compare the culture of different countries.With the GH analysis, we are trying to define the culture. One of the goals of GH is to help to take into consideratio n the differences in the way of thinking, to react and act between the different people in the world. According to GH each country generates its own management system.Example with Accenture Bands For Luxembourg, United-Kingdom, France.* With the Fons Trompenaars analysis (cf. 3 in biblio.), we are seeing that even if each culture owns its main features, it remains a cultural identity toward each individual, as for each company, which allows to adapt into every context. By completing itselves, these different cultural orientations (for instance in the relationship with the group, with the individual, with the environment or even with the time), are no more impediments for the common work (within different groups) but become on the other hand the best key factors to carry out successfully. FT helps more the companies to develop and create their own intercultural management. Each company has then its own management style or cultural organizational structure.The use of both theoriesThe Use of Fons Trompenaars theoryIn Fons Trompenaars theory, there are two kinds of people, which is universalism and particularism. Americans, Canadians, Australian all belong to the first group, and Chinese, Korean and other Asian all belong to the second group. Take ERP as an example, the first group will accept the ERP system as the best way to proceed the project, and members of the second group will think that they are different from each other, so when ERP works in China, it is most important for the managers to deal with second-rate workers, if not so, the whole system may fail at last. And the theory is also applicable in the field of education, for example, English education in Chinese schools and other western countries is different since the different culture and language system. It is the same with other fields, like business, communication, the cultural differences are more and more important.The use of Geert Hofstede theoryAccording to Geert Hofstede theory, there ar e different ways of management because of different cultures, for example, American cooperation always pay more care to the individuals, and the third world countries is the opposite, so if an American firms operating abroad, it must consider the this kind of cultural differences, taking the employees into consideration and emphasize the loyalty, which can help to get success. The structure of organization is also influenced by the cultural differences, for example, Germans always avoid the risk, so rules and regulations seems to be more important, however, in America, people prefer to taking risk, so people enjoy more freedom. According to the theory, Hofstede also shows that if the manager ignore the cultural differences, there will be something maltreat with the communication, morale and have a negative effect on the final result in the end.ConclusionAs described in this paper, there are several approaches to the classification of the cultures of different nations. The ones that were observed closely here are Geert Hofstedes and Fons Trompenaarss classifications, so-called cultural dimensions. These, as shown have a number of things in common and many differences as well. Thus, a marketer has to make a decision, which part of which study is to be used to develop a successful strategy. However there is little doubt that some way of adapting the strategy to the local culture is to be used. We may live in a globalized enviroment, however, so far there is no mundial culture and different clusters of people, whether they are separated geographically, historically or socially some may choose one product instead of the other because of their culture and values. on the whole of that is to be taken into consideration. And there are so far not many standartised approaches to the culture evaluations, other than Hofstedes and Trompenaarss, which economise time and enable the induction of a consolidated strategy in approach to culture. It is not affect that some of the companies nowadays are already fully involved in applying these methods in their decision making, and the amount of them will inevitably grow as the studies of the theories are being held in many Universities and Business Schools, from wich the future excecutives will come.However one has to rememember, that both these method are quite arguable and obviously imperfect, therefore we should learn learn to use the questionnaires and the databases responsibly. Only in this way can they provide precise, trustworhy and calculated assistance to people acquirement to work effectively in other countries.Bibliography/Information Sources/WebographyBooks and articlesHofstede, Geert. Cultures Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations crosswise Nations Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications 2001.Geert Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations, Software of the mind, 1992.The multicultural company, Fons Trompenaars, 1993, Paris, Maxima.Global marketing and advertising. Understanding cultural paradoxes Marieke Mooij edition of 2009The Use and Misuse of Questionnaires in Intercultural knowledge article by John W. BingHofstede Culturally questionable? article by M. L. Jones, 2007 Oxford Business Economics ConferenceIntercultural/Cross-Cultural Training Rejecting Hofstede and Trompenaars- arti