Friday, May 31, 2019

A Comparative Analysis of The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness Essay

The inexplicable Sharer and Heart of Darkness, two of Joseph Conrads more well-known novellas, share physical contact similarities in theme, plot, character development, and symbolism. all(prenominal) novella presents a seafaring first-person narrator who struggles psychologically with the concept of darkness and other deep themes. Heart of Darkness is one(a) of literatures almost somber fictions. It explores the fundamental questions about human nature the capacity for evil, the necessity of restraint, the effects of isolation, and the necessity of relinquishing pride to procure spiritual salvation (Haskin). Conrad explores his major theme of human duality in both of his works.Character doubling is a key element to both works, and this beam allows Conrad to explore good and evil. The hole-and-corner(a) Sharers lord refers to Leggatt as his double frequently, and Leggatt must nourish smellinged exactly as I the Captain used to look (Conrad, The Secret Sharer 13 ). The Captain becomes obsessed with his doppelgnger, who he pulls up on deck in the Gulf of Siam, despite the fact that Leggatt explains that he has murdered a man on the Sephora, his antecedent ship.Doubling, in the physical and moral sense, is found throughout The Secret Sharer. The young captain and Leggatt are so similar that they expect to be twins, an identification that Conrad all the way intends the reader to take in more than one sense. Both men feel themselves to be outcasts Leggatt actually so, because of his crime, the captain, psychologically, because of his newness to the ship and its crew. Leggatt usher out be regarded as the metamorphose ego of the captain, perhaps a reflection of the darker, even criminal, aspects of the captains personality. Some readers have argued that Leggatt does n... ... any case, both novellas, whose titles have much significance, explore populaces capacity for evil. Conrads The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness quite obvious ly explore the same themes, utilise very similar plots.whole kit and boodle CitedConrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1899. Project Gutenberg. Web. February 2012.. The Secret Sharer. 1912. Electronic Text Center. Web. February 2012.Haskin, Wayne E. Heart of Darkness. Masterplots 4. (November 2010) 1-4. Literary Reference Center. Web. 25 March 2012. Perel, Zivah. Transforming the Hero Joseph Conrads Reconfiguring of manly Identity in The Secret Sharer. Conradiana 36.1-2. (Spring/Summer 2004) 112-129. Literary Reference Center. Web. 25 March 2012. Witkoski, Michael. The Secret Sharer. Magills Survey of World Literature. (January 2009) 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 25 March 2012. A comparative degree Analysis of The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness Essay The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness, two of Joseph Conrads more well-known novellas, share striking similarities in theme, plot, character development, and symbolism. Each novella presents a seafaring first-person narrator who struggles psychologically with the concept of darkness and other deep themes. Heart of Darkness is one of literatures most somber fictions. It explores the fundamental questions about human nature the capacity for evil, the necessity of restraint, the effects of isolation, and the necessity of relinquishing pride to achieve spiritual salvation (Haskin). Conrad explores his major theme of human duality in both of his works.Character doubling is a key element to both works, and this tool allows Conrad to explore good and evil. The Secret Sharers Captain refers to Leggatt as his double frequently, and Leggatt must have looked exactly as I the Captain used to look (Conrad, The Secret Sharer 13). The Captain becomes obsessed with his doppelgnger, who he pulls up on deck in the Gulf of Siam, despite the fact that Leggatt explains that he has murdered a man on the Sephora, his previous ship.Doubling, in the physical and moral sense, is found throughout The Se cret Sharer. The young captain and Leggatt are so similar that they seem to be twins, an identification that Conrad clearly intends the reader to take in more than one sense. Both men feel themselves to be outcasts Leggatt actually so, because of his crime, the captain, psychologically, because of his newness to the ship and its crew. Leggatt can be regarded as the alter ego of the captain, perhaps a reflection of the darker, even criminal, aspects of the captains personality. Some readers have argued that Leggatt does n... ... any case, both novellas, whose titles have much significance, explore humankinds capacity for evil. Conrads The Secret Sharer and Heart of Darkness quite obviously explore the same themes, using very similar plots.Works CitedConrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1899. Project Gutenberg. Web. February 2012.. The Secret Sharer. 1912. Electronic Text Center. Web. February 2012.Haskin, Wayne E. Heart of Darkness. Masterplots 4. (November 2010) 1-4. Literary R eference Center. Web. 25 March 2012. Perel, Zivah. Transforming the Hero Joseph Conrads Reconfiguring of Masculine Identity in The Secret Sharer. Conradiana 36.1-2. (Spring/Summer 2004) 112-129. Literary Reference Center. Web. 25 March 2012. Witkoski, Michael. The Secret Sharer. Magills Survey of World Literature. (January 2009) 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 25 March 2012.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel :: essays papers

Like Water for Chocolate Some stories are meant for videos, notwithstanding then again, there are times when I wish some stories remained stories, unless(prenominal) we had a cut movie theatre director do them. Laura Ezquivel s novel is a treat. It stays with you as a fine dessert, or a fine food, and she knows it so well, and revels in it. In the film version, this gets lost because it cannot translate. The twelve recipes for each month get reduced to an chance(a) side story. In the novel, it is the food that brings about the results, and Tita has learned to befuddle the most of the secrets of the culinary delights. The movie couldnt possibly show us how Tita and her mentor ever stubborn the reasons why such and such a dish were make for whatever occasion. This loss reduces the richness of the story into a film that is missing a ternion dimension, but never the less, it is still good. Sometimes the food is sad.... the integral table has a tremendous cry upon eatin g such a magnificent dessert. another(prenominal) times the food is so hot that the older sister has to leave to cool off, which is not enough even after a cold shower. And cot off she does in the hands of a military opponent to what the mother stands for. Titas revenge is working. I, personally, love the writing of Laura Ezquivel, much better than I do the movie version. But I think that much of this problem may have been because I saw a version that was DUBBED and the voices were repetitive, unemotional, and so glaringly bland, that it ruined what looks deal a good film. It also appears to have taken away(p) the food part of the whole story, which is as tasty as anything else.... it matches the desires in all the film, but then, that must have not been the reason to make a film, or to distribute it to other nations. Superb performances, if you can get by the lousy translations and a great deal screwy sub-titles. Read the novel first, and then watch the film without the voices. But a great novel, nonetheless... see it and read it afterwards.More and more I see less and less in American releases ... the fineness and rhythm of linguistic process are just not there .Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel essays text fileLike Water for Chocolate Some stories are meant for movies, but then again, there are times when I wish some stories remained stories, unless we had a French film director do them. Laura Ezquivel s novel is a treat. It stays with you as a fine dessert, or a fine food, and she knows it so well, and revels in it. In the film version, this gets lost because it cannot translate. The twelve recipes for each month get reduced to an occasional side story. In the novel, it is the food that brings about the results, and Tita has learned to make the most of the secrets of the culinary delights. The movie couldnt possibly show us how Tita and her mentor ever decided the reasons why such and such a dish were done for whatever occ asion. This loss reduces the richness of the story into a film that is missing a third dimension, but never the less, it is still good. Sometimes the food is sad.... the whole table has a tremendous cry upon eating such a magnificent dessert. Other times the food is so hot that the older sister has to leave to cool off, which is not enough even after a cold shower. And trot off she does in the hands of a military opposite to what the mother stands for. Titas revenge is working. I, personally, love the writing of Laura Ezquivel, much better than I do the movie version. But I think that much of this problem may have been because I saw a version that was DUBBED and the voices were repetitive, unemotional, and so glaringly bland, that it ruined what looks like a good film. It also appears to have taken away the food part of the whole story, which is as tasty as anything else.... it matches the desires in all the film, but then, that must have not been the reason to make a film, or to distribute it to other nations. Superb performances, if you can get by the lousy translations and often screwy sub-titles. Read the novel first, and then watch the film without the voices. But a great novel, nonetheless... see it and read it afterwards.More and more I see less and less in American releases ... the fineness and rhythm of language are just not there .

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Monument backers go to court :: essays research papers

MONTGOMERY, Ala., Aug. 25 About 100 demonstrators prayed outside the Alabama Judicial Building on Monday as attorneys went to hail to hold off a federal judges order to remove a 5,300-pound stone representation of the Ten Commandments from the twists rotunda. ATTORNEYS for a Christian give tongue to show host and a pastor asked U.S. District Judge William Steele for an injunction to block the monuments removal, arguing that taking it away would violate the constitutive(a) guarantee of freedom of religion.The action named as defendants the eight associate justices of the state Supreme Court, who last week overruled Chief Justice Roy Moore and directed that the federal court order be followed, said one of the attorneys, Jim Zeigler.Steele who was the first judge to order that the monument be removed scheduled a hearing for Wednesday.Minutes later the lawsuit was announced, police blocked off the front of the building with metal barricades. The buildings superintendent, Graha m George, said they were erected to prevent protesters from leaning dangerously against the grand windows and glass doors, where they stand gathered for the last week.Many of the monument supporters spent the night in sleeping bags on a plaza outside the building and nearby steps, and one scaled latticework on the side of the building and spent the night on a ledge. The unidentified man climbed down after daybreak.Demonstrators have said they know the monument, installed two years ago by Moore, could be moved Monday or Tuesday.Federal courts have held that the monument violates the U.S. Constitutions ban on government promotion of a religious doctrine.Moore, who contends that it is his duty to acknowledge God in the public rotunda of the Judicial Building, was suspended last week by a state judicial ethics panel for disobeying the order by U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson to move the monument. Moore told supporters at the Judicial Building that he would fight to keep the monumen t in the rotunda even though he had been suspended. He has pledged to argue his case to the U.S. Supreme Court I have acknowledged God as the moral foundation of our law. Its my duty, Moore said. Should I keep back my opinions at such a time as this in fear of giving offense? I should consider myself guilty of treason and of an act of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven. Whenever workers come to remove the monument, supporters of Moore intend to keep it from going anyplace by locking hands and dropping to their knees.

Elizabethan Society Exposed in King Lear Essay -- King Lear Essays

Blood gushing from stabbed eyes. Sipping poison slipped by ones very own sister. Fathers turning against their sons. Such are the horrid outcomes of the characters in King Lear. Shakespeare has written one of the greatest tragedies of all time with this play and from the very start, has provided no cushion of happiness for his viewers. They are immediately thrust into a populace of turmoil-Lears favorite daughter is banished by him, Gloucester is deceived by his younger son, Lear is sent into a storm by his ungrateful heirsand the list goes on. Yet, what is it that causes these wretched consequences? Is it because at that place are many diabolical personalities in the play? Many mistakes made by fathers in disbelieving their trustworthy children? No. The answer is that society is at long last responsible for the end results of the play. The world of King Lear demonstrates for the audience, by illustrating with its various characters and their doings that a society built around a social hierarchy and substantive wealth will always be a place of unhappiness, filled with people committing wicked actions. Shakespeare scribbled King Lear away between the years 1603 and 1606. This was a lush time because Queen Elizabeth I had died but had left no heir and no husband to seize her monarchy. Therefore, the citizens were worried and the competition for her regency was strong. In writing the play, Shakespeare talk over this uneasy topic by creating the character King Lear, who is unsure of whom to pass down his power too. Thus, Shakespeare builds a setting with many of the current concerns and problems of his Elizabethan world (yet they are approached in a disguised manner). This time period in England was one where... ...me blind while if the sisters had neer stolen their fathers trust, he would never have gone crazy, Goneril would never have poisoned Regan and committed suicide and Cordelia would not have died. Thus, the tragic parts in the tragedy would not exist entirely as a world without the unhappiness would be happy.Works CitedKing Lear Background on Shakespeare. PBS. PBS, n.d. blade. 20 Jan. 2014..Signet Classic Edition Teachers Guide. Hern, Leigh Ann Ellis, W. Gieger Reed, Aretha J. S. (co-eds.), Penguin. WebShakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2009. Print.The Stucture of Elizabethan Society. Walter Nelson. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014..

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

George Wells :: essays research papers

Amanda SullivanHerbert George Wells was born in 1866, in Bromley Kent. He was born into a poor family. His career as an author was fostered by an unfortunate accident as a child. He broke both of his legs and spent the mandatory rest completion reading all book he could find. Wells was awarded a school scholarship and furthered his education at the ruler school of science in London (discovering authors). It was at the normal school that Wells came under the wing of the famous biologist Thomas H Huxley. Wells was clearly influenced by his studies at the normal school and his engross in Biology (geocities.com). After graduating Wells wrote a biology test book and began submitting fiction to various magazines. Wellss critical and popular news report rests primarily on his early work of science fiction.H G Wells gained fame with his first major work The Time Machine in 1895. short after the publication of this book, Wells followed with The Island of Dr.Moreau in 1985, The invisibl e man in 1897, and perhaps his most famous work The war of the worlds in 1898.(Science fiction stories) . These workings were enormously popular at the time they appeared, most of them are acknowledged classics of the genre witch continued to be widely read and adapted into the early(a) media (gale research). Wellss science fiction is also noted for its sophisticated,satire of the authors own culture and times (geocitites.com).Over the years Wells became pertain with the fate of human society in a world where technology and scientific study were advancing at a rapid pace. For a period of time he was a member of the Fabian Society, which was a group of social philosophers in London (geocities.com). Wellss later works became little science fiction and more social critique. The accuracy of the science in His works has often been called into question. It is rumored that Wells and the French novelist Jules Verne actually criticized each others writings. Wells believed that Verne coul dnt write his was out of a paper sack, and Verne accused Wells of having Scientifically implausible ideas (geocities.com). The science may not be accurate, but the adventure and philosophy in his book makes Wellss early science fiction fun and fascinating to read.Wells is best know as one of the progenitors of modern science fiction. His pioneering works in this genre foretold such development as chemical warfare, atomic weapons, and world wars (geocities.

George Wells :: essays research papers

Amanda SullivanHerbert George swell was born in 1866, in Bromley Kent. He was born into a poor family. His career as an author was fostered by an dispossessed accident as a child. He broke both of his legs and spent the mandatory rest period reading every book he could find. swell was awarded a school scholarship and furthered his education at the normal school of science in London (discovering authors). It was at the normal school that Wells came chthonian the wing of the famous biologist Thomas H Huxley. Wells was cl primordial influenced by his studies at the normal school and his interest in Biology (geocities.com). after(prenominal) graduating Wells wrote a biology test book and began submitting fiction to various magazines. Wellss critical and popular reputation rests primarily on his early work of science fiction.H G Wells gained fame with his first major work The Time Machine in 1895. Soon after the publication of this book, Wells followed with The Island of Dr.Moreau i n 1985, The invisible man in 1897, and perhaps his most famous work The war of the worlds in 1898.(Science fiction stories) . These works were enormously popular at the time they appeared, most of them are acknowledged classics of the genre witch continued to be widely read and adapted into the other media (gale research). Wellss science fiction is also noted for its sophisticated,satire of the authors own culture and times (geocitites.com).Over the years Wells became concerned with the fate of human hostel in a world where technology and scientific study were advancing at a rapid pace. For a period of time he was a member of the Fabian Society, which was a group of social philosophers in London (geocities.com). Wellss later works became less science fiction and to a greater extent social critique. The accuracy of the science in His works has often been called into question. It is rumored that Wells and the French novelist Jules Verne actually criticized each others writings. Wells believed that Verne couldnt release his was out of a paper sack, and Verne accused Wells of having Scientifically implausible ideas (geocities.com). The science may not be accurate, but the adventure and ism in his book makes Wellss early science fiction fun and fascinating to read.Wells is best known as one of the progenitors of unexampled science fiction. His pioneering works in this genre foretold such development as chemical warfare, atomic weapons, and world wars (geocities.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Greek Heros

Myths of the Greek Heroes Achilles and Ajax are both know as great heroes of the Trojan War. Behind the guts and glory of contend, what were they, who were they? Achilles was the intelligence of nymph Thetis and Peleus the king of the Myrmidons. Ajax was the son of Telamon, who was the son of Aeacus and grandson of Zeus. Achilles and Ajax are closely related and their relationship being so close knit makes being at war a dismal time for both of them. Achilles was a man of anger and with this anger he dishonored Agamemnon, the commander of the Achaean forces. This forced Achilles to withdraw from the involution.After Agamemnon took Chrysies the missy of a priest of Apollo, Achilles saw a way of returning to his rein in the war. He followed Agamemnon instruction in protecting the prophet with the key to saving(a) Greece from the plague that was forced upon them in order to free Chrysies. At the same time sweltering with wrath Achilles prayed to Thetis to convince Zeus to the Troj ans gain ground in the war. He then would regain is honor in the Trojan War, the honor that he lost when dishonoring Agamemnon. After saving Greece from the plague Achilles refused to fght the war.He believed that they were fighting for the wrong purpose. correspond to books, gods are immortal Achilles proved this to be false. Patroclus was a beloved friend of Achilles and he was also his brother-in-arms. Achilles needed help with regaining power in the war since he was no longer fighting. Patroclus took his place and succeeded in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches he was killed by ballyrag the leader of the Trojans. After hearing of the death f his cherished friend, Achilles grieved knowing that it would have been him if he had stayed in the war.After the death of his friend, Achilles decided to end his protest. With this built up anger he fought and killed many Trojans but, he was always seeking out Hector. After finding his prey, Achilles chased Hector around Troy three times before Hector was convinced by genus Athene in the form of Hectors brother Deiphobus to fight Achilles face to face. After much more grieving over many loses of family and friends Achilles finally met his demise by discharge out through the only ortal part of his body, his Achilles tendon hence the name Achilles. He was killed by Apollo and Paris.Ajax was a man of great Stature. He endured his training from Centaur Chiron, indemnify alongside his cousin Achilles. Being described as vicious, fearless, strong and powerful Ajax was also known for a very high level of battle intellect. He himself fought Hector twice. The first encounter was in Ajaxs control. He hit Hector over the head with a hefty boulder even though Hector fghts back, Zeus calls a draw on the fight and it ends without a winner. The second fght between Ajax and Hector happened when the fght breaks out in the Mycenaean camp among the ships.Hector is set on burning the ships of the Greeks. He feels that the Gree ks would be defeated without their ships. The failure of defeating Hector made Zeus second guess who he wanted to favor. Agamemnon then sends Ajax to attempt to nail down witn the great warrior Achilles and introduce him back to fghting in the war. He fails at convincing him to come back. After the death of his cousin Achilles, Ajax fights for the body of the hero and buried him adjacent to his riend Patroclus.After Achilless death Ajax was known as the most vulnerable warrior in Agamemnons army. After arguing and portraying the story of why Ajax deserves the magical armor of Hephaestus, Ajax lost the business and the armor was awarded to Odysseus who proved to be more persuasive and believable in times of battle. Even though Ajax was the one who fought Hector driving him away with a massive rock and then fought him again away from the ships saving most of the Greek army and killing much of the charging Trojan Army.After fighting for the armor nd losing Ajax falls to the ground a nd when he wakes he is under a spell put on him by Athena. The spell leads him to a flock of sheep who believes to be the Achaean leaders, Odysseus and Agamemnon and slaughters them. Waking up the blood of sheep he realizes what he had done. He preferred to no longer live than live in shame. In the first battle between Ajax and Hector, Zeus ended the fght and they exchanged gifts. Ajax gave him a shield and Hector gave him a sword. This very swords is the one is said to of been the one Ajax committed suicide with.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Satire in Ch 5 of Great Gatsby

In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald satirizes how newly wealthy Americans acted during the 1920s through Jay Gatsby. The 1920s was nicknamed the Roaring Twenties, and during this time period, numerous people were much more wealthy and were only interested in big, extravagant things. Jay Gatsby is an face of this. He was born sorry, gained his wealth, and now he throws big parties at his mansion to impress hundreds of people. In the beginning of Chapter 5, Nick arrives at West Egg to find Gatsbys mansion lighting up the night sky.Nick state to Gatsby, Your place looks like the Worlds Fair (81). The significance of Nicks statement maneuvers how Gatsby tries to be rare money, when really he is new money. Gatsby tries to show off his wealth by turning on every single light in his mansion, but he lacks the class of those who really are old money. This satirizes how wealthy people were during the 1920s they were obnoxious and did not have the same class as those who w ere wealthy before that time period. Another example of this is when Fitzgerald tells the reader what Gatsby is wearing for when Daisy comes over Nicks house.Fitzgerald wrote, Gatsby, in a white flannel suit, silver shirt, and gold-colored tie, hurried in (84). Daisy knows Gatsby as a poor man that she used to love, but couldnt be with because her family didnt approve. Gatsby still loves Daisy, and he dresses like this because he wants to impress her. Newly wealthy people during the 1920s always wore expensive clothing. Gatsby dressing like this just satirizes those people, and shows he truly isnt old money, no matter how hard he tries to be. by and by in the chapter, Gatsby invited Daisy and Nick over to his house because he wants to show off his mansion to Daisy.Gatsby said, I want you and Daisy to come over to my house (89). Gatsby brought Daisy to his house, and even though she was impressed with what he has become, even Daisy realized that everything he owned is inelegant, an d doesnt have the same type of possessions that old money people have. This satirizes how people during the 1920s tried to show off their flashy possessions, but they dont truly have as much worth. Fitzgeralds use of satire of newly wealthy people during the 1920s are truly expressed through Gatsbys actions and belongings.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Archetypes in Beowulf Essay

Archetypes stir profound emotions in the reader because they awaken images stored in the collective unconscious. In Seamus Haneys translation of Beowulf this is used in the form of character types. Beowulf is a hero and encounters many triumphs with different types of people on his journey in this larger-than-life poem. There argon three archetypal characters in Beowulf that are particularly effective and intriguing. These are The Creature of Nightmare Grendel, The Mentor Hrothgar, and The fast(a) Retainer Wiglaf. The characters are common experiences in the human psyche. The Creature of Nightmare is a monster from the deepest darkest part of the human psyche. Throughout Beowulf, Grendels actions and description accurately fits the type. The vivid diction used in the poem illustrates Grendel as a monster. The God-cursed brute was creating havoc/greedy and grim he grabbed thirty men/from their resting places/ (121-123). Hes similarly depicted as a fiend out of hell/ (100). This pa ssage acts as an illustration of the archetype in the poem because a demon that steals lives at a peaceful hour is what would happen in a incubus. Grendel shares similarities with another dark creature from literature, Poseidon.He is known through Greek mythology as an ecclesiastic god but also is a monster. In the myth of Medusa, Poseidon took medusas virginity forcefully in the temple of Athena, had the blame put on her, and she was awful punished. The acts he committed were iniquitous. What makes this archetype particularly effective and intriguing is the fact that these monsters are real except they arent in the form of a nightmare or make believe gods. In addition to the Creature of Nightmare there is the Mentor. This individual acts as a teacher or consoler to the initiate. The fit for this archetype is Hrothgar. For the duration of the novel, he acts as role model to Beowulf consoling him to achieve greatness. Hrothgar depicts this archetype when he talks to Beowulf about life and how to be a neat king. He says understand true values. / I who tell you have wintered into wisdom. / (1724-1725) and Do not give way to pride. / for a brief while your strength is in bloom but it fades quickly. Being a mentor requires experience so that wisdom crapper be bestowed onto another and that something is learned. He undoubtedly does this for Beowulf. Hrothgar back end be compared to another character in literature.This character is Hagrid fromHarry Potter. Its easy to overlook him but Hagrid turns out to be Harrys deliverer and first real friend. Hes the first person to take Harrys side in anything, and he is the first real upshot that Harry gets of the wizard world, aside from the letters. Harry makes use of relying on friendship throughout all of the books thanks to Hagrid. These details make him an exemplary example of a mentor. The Mentor archetype is effective and intriguing because people sboulder clay have mentors by their side in the form of a mother, father, friend, teacher, or other guiding them through life. Lastly, there is The Loyal Retainers. These people are very important as they are usually a sidekick who has a duty to treasure and reflect the nobility of the hero. Beowulfs sidekick is Wiglaf. He comes at the end of Beowulf and is the only warrior who stays and helps Beowulf defeat the dragon, No help or backing was to be had then/ from his high-born comrades that hand-picked troop/ ran for their lives/but within one heart sorrow welled up/ (2597-2600). He also stays with Beowulf when his last breath is taken. Wiglaf gets this archetype because he protected the hero, Beowulf. He shares very similar qualities with Ponyboy from The Outsiders.He is the main character but when his friend, Johnny, kills someone Ponyboy runs away with him staying by Johnnys side till he died even though he could have let Johnny get in trouble by himself. Ponyboy protected Johnny and stood by his side. The archetype, Loyal Retainer, is effec tive and intriguing because theres always somebody that is there for another person in life to protecting them and be loyal. Archetypes are glib-tongued in the epic poem Beowulf. The Creature of Nightmare, The Mentor, and The Loyal Retainer are common experiences in the human psyche. These archetypes can be connected to other literature. They can also be connected to life. The ideas in this essay matters to the world because as according to Carl Jung people from all over the world respond to certain myths or stories in the same way not because everyone knows the same story but because lying deep in our collective unconsciousness are the racial memories of bountys past. These memories exist in the form of archetypes.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Egyptian Art vs Renaissance Art Essay

The ancient Egyptians confuse had a huge impact on the ball today. From Cleopatra, to The Mummy movies, the theme that is Egyptian is something that is very easily recognized. Egyptian trick is very flat with exaggerated body parts. These figures have very long blazon and legs with pointy eyes. Pointy eyes are a vanity thing that is still sought after and many women achieve this look with liquid eyeliner. Another factor that makes Egyptian art special is their color pallet. The Egyptians used many warm colors such as various shades of brown, red, yellow, and orange.The frescos done by the Egyptians were done with fruitcake and vinegar. One thing I found that was very interesting is that the Egyptians painted males with a dark reddish skin tone, and they painted the women a lighter yellow color. This shows that men were very active outdoors and they women were mainly indoors. This shows how important detail was to Egyptians and that their paintings were very accurate to how they were living. Renaissance style art is classical and most know for their religious pieces. A characteristic Renaissance art had that Egyptian did not was mannerism.Mannerism in Renaissance art acknowledged unusual poses of figures and the body language. Compared to the Egyptians stiff style, Renaissance art contained much movement and was very soft to look at. Below is a mannerist painting. As you can see the poses await strange to few, solely regardless the painting contains bold colors with the focal point being the woman and her pale skin. One of the things that differentiate Egyptian art to Renaissance art is that Renaissance art uses realism. Their paintings include drawing of people in a realistic way. The people in Egyptian art do not exactly look how a real person would look today.Below, is a renaissance style portrait of Raphael Sanzio compared to an Egyptian painting of the pharaoh. What they both have in common is that they are both of males, they are both wearing head p ieces, and both seem to be inspired by the human body. Their differences include color, dimensions perspective, makeup, props, and clothing to name a few. Comparing Egyptian art to Renaissance art is like comparing pizza to sushi. Both very different but amazing in their own way. Both types of art had a huge impact on art today and are considered timeless. As an artist in my spare time, I look up to both styles as my inspiration.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Police Organization Essay

I this wallpaper I am going to explain to you the various types of practice of law agencies at the local, state, and federal take and how each is organized. I will too identify the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the fairness. When I am finished with my paper you should have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works. The fall in States has one of the most complex law enforcement systems because of the various levels of their policing agencies. In the United stated each town, county, state, city, and small village has its oh policing agency.Even though there are various police agencies the structural organization is similar. This is because all law enforcement agencies have the same objective. The organizations of the police agencies are hierarchical. Police institutions can be analyzed like organizations with several key components (Alvarado, 2008). These organizations are designed wit h rank structure, start out departments and units. These components work together to form a fully functioning law enforcement agency. Some examples of local agencies are city, county, town, and incorporated village police.These agencies work together in order to ensure safety at a local level. There are many different functions and roles of the local police agencies. Local police are responsible for performing many routine activities. The duties include patrolling the neighborhood community, enforcing the law, providing emergency services, conducting investigations, and upholding community relations. Local police are not responsible for enforcing the law international their jurisdiction and assistant is needed at a higher level (Congressional Digest, 1965). As far as state level goes there are also various agencies.These agencies include state and port authority police. State police agencies have many roles when it comes to the law. The state agencies are responsible for keeping t he area deep down the state safe, keep our highways safe, and keep our parks free of crime, violent, and violations. Federal levels are responsible for coming in and stepping up when our lower levels of authority are in desperate need of help ( example An older man meeting up with a girl whom he had met online). The FBI has to get involved when it comes to this. Sometimes also when dealing with federal you end up dealing with government as well.The FBI and other federal police help solve crimes that lower authority cannot cover up or sometimes just need some help. So as you can see the police levels have to be well organized in order to be effective and in well working order. In this paper I have explained to you the various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and how each is organized. I have also identified the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. You should now have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

The Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream in Russia

Russia has a known reputation in the ice-cream industry. They are known for their flavorful ice creams that are of a wide flavor varieties. The Ben and Jerrys Homemade, Inc. founded in Burlington, Vermont decided to have a franchise in Russia, which longs for modernization of its market economy. Since ice-cream is considered as a commodity, they thought of use it as an entry point to prove their economic growth. The franchise was named Iceverks Ice Cream of Vermont and Karelia.This was also thought of to bring together diplomacy in America and Russia although there were risks on doing such material body of business, even if Vermont and Karelia are sister cities. There was also an effort of change of political systems from strict social, the communist system, to the democratic political system. The management of Iceverks taught the necessary tools to the employees and managers to enclothe them for proper and good management strategies.Then suddenly the climate inside the manageme nt changed, with the lessening of the effectiveness in their management because their local partners have become fall apart in equipment to manage the joint venture. With this, they just decided to donate their equipment to the management and the equity to their local partners (Moss, 2000, p. 136). In 1997, Ben and Jerrys has leave Russia, with the Iceverks no longer using Ben and Jerrys as their brand name.For me, although this happened, we cannot say that the venture was unsuccessful, because the Iceverks was able to maintain their standards for ice cream production and customer satisfaction services, the legacy that the Ben and Jerrys left for Russian and even other foreign customers. The Ben and Jerrys intention was not really on the profit but on the development, because instead of withdrawing all the equipment in the Iceverks because they are leaving, they even donated it to them.The corruption in the Mafia also brought about their withdrawal of management because of the mat ter of philosophy. The Ben and Jerrys did not want to give accord to the bribery or corruption there was just to have protection from the Mafia. The American companies were required to pay 30% more of their profit just to guide the said protection. Again, the economic shift was hard to attain that time.The mind set of the Russian managers was more on the capitalist ideology, which hinders them from being immediately penetrated by the nurture they received from the American managers, which the Ben and Jerrys have given much effort on. Since Ben Cohen, the founder of the Ben and Jerrys, is more of the ideal businessman, he was more of a diplomatic and socially responsible person. He did not care much of the coin involved in the business. But then, there was an observed loss of jobs because the company has enormous money loss that could not support the work force any longer.As mentioned above, the Russian partners, who are in profit maximization, decided to split up with the Ben an d Jerrys, which made B&J just leave and leave their equipment to them. Leaving the Iceverks was somehow a much better decision than staying, because eventually the political system will corrode them with their principles. In fact, they have succeeded in other countries like Japan, France and the UK, applying the same business strategies. It was a good decision to leave also because of the very unstable economy, with hemorrhoid of financial risks, etc.that have affected much of their transactions, from simple packing to large machineries and refrigerators, etc. The big cultural differences also contributed to their decision, because they do not have the conglomeration control and regulation of the political and philosophical missions and visions of the company, since it is a joint venture. Reference Moss, L. S. (2000). Bankruptcy Reform in Russia The Case for Creditor Rights in Russia. Review of Russian Economics, 13, 121-146.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Secrets and the Scarlet Letter

A enigma between two is Gods secret, between three is all mens. -Spanish Proverb. Secrets are not meant for being told. usually everyone is supposed to take secrets to their grave. In certain circumstances, they must be told. Even though youre thwarting your own honor by telling a secret, sometimes it must be done. In most cases, secrets should be kept, but in The ruddy Letter, there are some that adopt to be told. on that points zipper more powerful than finding someone safe to tell the secret to. No one realises how hard it is, unless theyve been there. Your nerve pounds, your body is rock rigid, you grind your teeth, your utter is dry.You think of all the excuses to keep your mouth shut. Theyll get mad. Theyll laugh. Theyll reject you. Theyll treat it like it was nobody and tell you to forget about it. Or worse theyll be polite, nod their head like they understand, leave and not ever watch anything to do with you again. Even then, the depth of doubt, self-hate, fear an d insecurity is so strong, that even aft(prenominal) you tell even to someone whos been through it too you leave and wonder, did I say too much? Did I do the accountability thing? pull up stakes they hate me? Only experience lets you exist your trust wasnt for nothing.In the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, and Arthur Dimmesdale all have secrets. They will do whatever they can to keep their secrets a secret. Except for Hester, whose secret has been made public by her wearing the scarlet letter A. Arthur Dimmesdales secret is the most lethal. He is keeping his secret to nurse his reputation even though its eating away at him and keeping him from what he wants most Hester. For example, in chapter 17 page 182, we are told that Dimmesdales secret has taken hold of his life and made him a miserable man. There is no substance in itIt is cold and dead, and can do nothing for me Of penance I have had enough Of penitence there has been none Else, I should long ago hav e thrown off these garments of mock holiness, and have shown myself to mankind as they will see me at the judgment-seat. Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom Mine burns in secret Thou little knowest what a relief it is, after the torment of a seven years cheat, to look into an eye that recognizes me for what I am Dimmesdales secret should be told because then he wont feel so guilty and his shame and hypocrisy will not eat him alive.It also isnt fair to Pearl that she has no beginner and wont be able to have one because of Dimmesdales secret. She has no knowledge of him being her sky pilot because of what he had to do to protect his name. Girls should have a father figure in their lives, Pearl never had that opportunity. Roger Chillingworth also exhibits secrecy. Hes keeping his personal identity a secret because he wants to find out who Hesters acquaintance was and he also wants to protect his high reputation as well. It isnt right for him t o keep his identity a secret because its putting other people in harms way which is a circumstance when secrets need to be told.The torture hes doing to Dimmesdale isnt dignified and un-puritan like. In chapter 14, Chillingworth says I have left thee to the scarlet letter, if that have not avenged me I can do more This quote says that Chillingworth is willing to do more to Dimmesdale and make him suffer more which is making Chillingworths secret deeper because the more he does that Hester knows about, the more guilt she feels about keeping his identity a secret from Dimmesdale. His secret should be told because it goes against moral values of the puritans. In some cases, secrets shouldnt be told.Those who keep a secret keep themselves moral. Keeping a secret and respecting the secrets of others, as opposed to prying into them, is a virtue of self discipline and sensitivity. The heart can be seen as a safe for keeping secrets. Intelligence is the lock, and will power is the key. Kee ping secrets is important for your dignity, pride, and personal gain. In response to The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the only one who knows the secrets that Dimmesdale and Chillingworth are hiding from the townsfolk. Hester has to control her desire to tell the truth and practices the art of deception to hide these secrets.When she will not reveal the father of Pearl, Reverend Dimmesdale says, She will not speak. It is ironic that the person who committed the sin with Hester is the one who announces publicly that she will not reveal the name of the other sinner. Later, Chillingworth wants to know who it is and he says, Thou wilt not reveal his name? Hester refuses and continues to hold her silence. Then, Chillingworth, still trying to find out the name of her lover, comments, . . . but Hester, the man lives who has wronged us both Who is he? When he says this, he is hinting that he is going to do something to Dimmesdale.This is why Hester makes Chillingworth promise not to k ill her lover if he finds out his identity. Chillingworth deserves to know who slept with his wife, although Hester should not have had to tell him. I think that Dimmesdale should have admitted that he was Pearls father. Today, if a priest admitted such a crime, he would probably be send to jail. However, in the novel, had Dimmesdale confessed, the townsfolk would have liked him even more. Hester also has to live with, and conceal, the secret that Chillingworth is her husband. When he comes to visit her in jail he says, Thou hast kept the secret of thy paramour.Keep, likewise, mine There are none in this land that know me. Breathe not, to any soul, that thou didst ever call me husband. Hester shows great military posture of character by her ability to keep the secret identities of her lover and her husband. There must have been times when the temptation to reveal her secrets was overwhelming, but she managed to do so. There are times when secrets must stay secrets and times when t hey should be told. The Scarlet Letter is an allegory for secrets. Chillingworth and Dimmesdales secrets should be told because theyre doing things for the wrong reasons and hurting either themselves or those around them.It was right for Hester to keep secrets throughout the book because she was looking out for herself, Pearl, and Dimmesdale and would do anything to make sure they werent in harms way of Chillingworths wrath. When it comes to secrets, to each their own. With different situations comes different ways to handle the condition and decide whether or not a secret should be held in or expressed for the world to hear. In most cases, secrets should be kept, but in The Scarlet Letter, there are some that need to be told.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Abraham Lincoln’s Attitude Towards Slavery

STUDENT PLATON OANA MADALINA SA I duck OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION p. 3 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.. p. 4 3. THE license declaration .. p. 7 From a genuine abolition point of view, Mr. capital of Nebraska seemed tardy, cold, dull and indifferent, hardly meter him by the sentiment of his country a sentiment he was bound as a national leader to discuss he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined. Frederick Douglass, 1876 source? 1. INTRODUCTION He survived the tragedy and depression to become the Statess Greatest President.He had the bravery to destroy thr exclusively, but he took a courteous War and the loss of 600,000 lives his beliefs cost him his life, but with extinct him the unite States of America would not exist today. Abraham capital of Nebraska, Americas model hero, was a man whose courage saved the nation from destruction. His first life was poor and brutal he was born on the 12th of February 1809 in a ane room cabin in rural Ke ntucky, a frontier defer of America. His family were farmers, he was the first of his family to charter Abraham capital of Nebraska was different to from his fri deceases.The young capital of Nebraska was a child of induce curiosity, he loved to break people, gave well crafted, well delivered run-ines. He would often go to reposes w here(predicate) such(prenominal) speeches were being made he memorized separate of them and he would come back and give those speeches to his playmates. It was in capital of Nebraskas nature to embrace bracing experiences and when he was nineteen he had the opportunity to travel 1200 miles down the Mississippi river. It was a journey that will change his prognosis of life forever. He was confronted with the realities of buckle downry what he did see was probably the most(prenominal) horrific aspect of bondage and that as the destruction of break integritys back families, the selling of slaves and the use of slaves liter everyy as pieces of co mmerce. But when he re romped to the trade union, capital of Nebraska left the family home striking out the most exciting town of its day, New Salem Illinois here he would be his own man. When he came to New Salem, that was a mensural choice on his part, to turn his back on the world of farming, the agrarian lifestyle, and coming to New Salem is re all in ally a deliberate choice to plunge himself into the world of 19th century of commerce, capitalism, the Industrial Revolution and everything like that.Lincolns passion to nurture continued into his adult life and so that his ideas of fairness will becoming increasingly developed America was changing, expanding day by day, and Lincoln wanted to be part of it. By 1847 he had studied complete to pass the bar examination, he had opinionated to become a lawyer. But also he plunged in the world of politics, and he loved politics horizontal more than law because for him law was a performer to politics, and his practice as a lawyer was al tracks bound up by his semi semi semipolitical ambitions. In Illinois he met a cleaning lady named Ann Rutledge, but Lincolns life took a tragic turn when Ann died.Her death plunged Lincoln into a deep depression, but unwaveringly work overcame this black spells. He had become a prospered local politician, and the ambitious young Lincoln was proving difficult to ignore. Lincoln, had an extraordinary talent and he quickly open up himself as a charismatic speaker and talented politician increasingly ambitious he decided to move again, leaving New Salem he went to live in Springfield the State not bad(p) of Illinois and there he met and married Mary Todd. Lincoln moved on to the National stage, becoming a Congressman for the District of Illinois.The country was uneasily split in to 15 free and 15 slave states when Kansas wanted to join the Union, a fear debate appe ard should it be a slave state or not? In the siemens it was anformer(a) commodity that was the key to the slave issue cotton. By 1840, cotton was more valuable than everything else the United States of America exported put together. By 1860, the value of slaves (were about four millions slaves) was greater than the value of all the American railroads, all the American manu positionures and all the American banking put together thraldom was the main event in the America.Lincoln was always distant to the thraldom, because it was the contradiction of his yearning for transformation and self improvement. In 1858 Abraham Lincoln decided to candidate for the United States Senate. At the beginning to the campaign, he made a speech in which he said that the United States was a House, but a House Divided by slaveholding to survive it would contribute to be either all free or all slaves. When he candidate for the presidency of the United States, more than anything else I think he won because for those people who were opposed to slavery he was the only choice.From my point of view Abraham L incoln was completely opposed to slavery because, from diachronic point of view at that time slavery was the reception at to the disputes between free states and slave states. by and by the Civil War, the North was developing through commerce and its new industrial capacities, meanwhile the South was flourishing through the cost of labor manual labor and the use of slaves. 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAThe issue of slavery represented one of the most important factors which shaped the history of the US and particularly the way in which it came to develop. It was seen for many decades as a subject for social upheaval, political debate, and most importantly a matter of military mankind rightfulnesss. However, regardless of the historical nature of the issues discussed in these debates, there are certain personalities which influenced, in a positive or negative way, the entire debate.In the case of slavery, one such personality was Abraham Lincoln one o f the most important personalities of the country and at the same time an all important(p) part in the debates on slavery. Although his name is often related to the Emancipation Proclamation or to his debates with Stephen Douglas, his beliefs on the issue of slavery stand above these acts or events. In this sensory faculty, he often argued his opposition to the crotchety institution despite the fact that he was not a stranger to the slavery phenomenon.Still, his beliefs and conviction select him to this day one of the most representative figures of the emancipation of slaves throughout the US. In order to have a better understanding of the actual reasons which justify the fact that Abraham Lincoln run intoed slavery to be wrong, it is important to consider the historical background of the era and observe slavery in a wider framework. More precisely, Lincolns beliefs on slavery were the result of growing tensions between two rival concepts free and slavery state. After the end o f the Civil War, theNorth was developing through trade and exploiting its new industrial capabilities, while the South was grow at the cost of manual labor, through its special commercial relations with the English but more importantly through the use of slaves. As a consequence, the local landscape was different New York was rank the dominant and the most populated urban area, where as in the South a significant urban area was represented only by New Orleans. These economic tensions made their mark on the way in which politicians and even local people came to understand the status of black people.At the same time though, the new American nation was built on the principles of freedom, democracy and most importantly on human rights. The promulgation of Independence Lincoln often cited stated included the famous passage on the freedom of man. Thus, all men are created contact, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, casua lness and the pursuit of Happiness1. Despite the fact that these words represented the enthusiasm of the Founding Fathers and that they are even today the framework of the American democracy, at the time they were easily interpretable.This was largely due to the fact that slavery was seen in the North as a terrible wrongdoing, while in the South it was viewed as a necessary practice. This drew the attention on the way in which black people were treated and especially to the fact that they were not considered human beings endowed with inalienable rights and freedoms, as well as civil duties and political ones. Taking these aspects into account it can be said that the discussions on slavery in which Lincoln was occupied focused on two pillars.On the one hand, there were the political discussions with the Democrats and especially with his direct opponent, Douglas on the other hand, there were the virtuous issues Lincoln brought on the issue of slavery. However, these debates interming led as Lincoln and Douglas became engaged in the political fight for the state of Illinois. While these confrontations had a political aim, they brought into the spotlight two different views on slavery and emphasized Lincolns moral convictions and the way in which these would change. The Civil War played a major part in the drafting of Lincolns opinion on the issue of slavery.In this sense, he used the notion in order to rally aver for the unity of the nation. Thus, he points out that we all declare for liberty but in using the same word we do not all mean the same thing. With both(prenominal) the word liberty may mean for each man to do as he pleases with himself and the produce of his labor while with others the same word may mean to do what they please with other men and the produce of other mens labor2. This was the main line of reasoning he used against the beliefs of the Democrats. However, the discussions were held at the political level mostly.In this sense, the channel in fact represented a means through which Lincoln pointed out the fact that while the Republicans were the proponents of a stronger role for the federal government, the Democrats support the idea of a looser central government. In the end the discussions came down to the issue of slavery in the sense that the Republicans were in favor of abolishing slavery in certain states, while the Democrats considered that the people must(prenominal)(prenominal) decide on whether the states should be free or should allow slavery and slave trade to take place.The moral argument Lincoln used revolved around the issue of the wrongfulness of slavery. In this sense, he constantly pointed out that I particularly object to the new position which the avowed principle of this Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to it because it assumes that there can be moral right in the enslaving of one man by another. I object to it as a dangerous dalliance for a free peoplea sad evidence th at, feeling prosperity, we forget right3.It is quite a hard to believe the fact that the moral aspect determined Lincoln to support the abolition of slavery. The times were rather difficult for the entire nation due to the tensions between the two sides of the country. The North and the South were being divided by an issue on which people could not be convinced through moral arguments. Nonetheless, Lincoln went on saying that the mere arguments promoted by the Democrats in support of slavery were not convincing either. Thus, sine qua non in his view cannot be considered an argument because it is the man who decides on his own necessities.In this sense, while Douglas throughout his arguments points out the fact that the right of the people to chose over the issue of slavery is a God given right, Lincoln counters him by appealing to the idea of right and wrong nevertheless again. More precisely, God did not place good and evil before man, telling him to make his choice. On the cont rary, he did tell him there was one tree of the fruit of which he should not eat, upon pain of certain death. I should scarcely wish so strong a prohibition against slavery in Nebraska 4. The technique used by Lincoln to include the idea of religion nd of divine justice was a crucial point he made in his argument against slavery and a point he used in stressful to determine the change in attitude towards the change in the way slaves were viewed and their treatment as human beings rather than as cattle or mere objects or property. The fact that his arguments were based on moral considerations was an issue that became clear during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Despite the fact that he is considered to be an emancipator, he never very advocated the idea of emancipation, but rather a reconsideration of their status.This is an evident fact, especially from the point of view of his posterior statements. In this sense, he later argued that I have never understood that the presidency conferred upon me the unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling 5 considering that the moral issues he advocated did not have to become state principles. This viewed summarizes the changes that took place at the level of his policy once he became president of the United States. 3. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION He promoted the wrongfulness of slavery as an immoral act yet he did not support the actual emancipation of the black people.His views became clearer and they can easily be summed up by one of his statements. Thus, I protest against the counterfeit logic which concludes that because I do not want a black woman for a slave, I must necessarily want her for a wife. I need not have her for either, I can just leave her alone. In some respects, she is certainly not my equal but in her natural right to eat the bread she earns with her own hands without asking leave of anyone else, she is my equal, and the equal of all others6. . Therefore, he viewed slaves equal only in their state of birth not in their rights as part of the society.This view represents an important aspect in the way in which his attitude changed in time. Thus, as a candidate for a particular region of the United States, regardless of its importance, he could promote the morals of slavery or its lack. However, as a major public figure, he did not have the political support or the democratic one to advocate the freedom of the slaves. Nor did he want to take that road. mavin of the most evident proofs was the fact that Lincoln in the first year of the war repeatedly outlined is policy as a restoration of the Union- which of course meant a Union with slavery7. Therefore, despite the dreadful discourse, neither Lincoln nor the public were ready for a change that would, on the one hand persist in the Declaration of Independence, and create disequilibrium in the Union. Despite the serious oscillations Lincoln experienced throughout discussion on slavery, the issue of th e empowerment of slaves was addressed in 1865 as he pointed out that it is also unsatisfactory to some that the elective franchise is not given to the colored man.I would myself prefer that it were now conferred on the very dexterous and on those who serve our cause as soldiers8. This change in attitude can be considered to be the result of a thorough reflection on the role played by slaves in the Civil War. This particular aspect was dealt with in his Second Inaugural Address as he pointed out the fact that the war in itself was a punishment from God, one which must be understood as a sign of reconciliation. More precisely, The Almighty has His own purposes.Woe unto the world because of offenses for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern in that any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? 9. The answer to such a question was in Lincolns view one that the nation must act according to Gods will and offer the rights to all individuals who have prayed to the same Bible10. Although his arguments were yet again morally based and in touch with religion, he pointed out the necessity of considering slaves as human beings with the same God as white people. Overall, it can be said that the political background of Abraham Lincolns activity was important for the way in which he managed to construct his beliefs on the issue of slavery.Although at times he reduced the enthusiasm for the reconsideration of the conditions of the black people, he tried to promote a new direction in the discussions on the matter by introducing the element of morality relat ed to slavery. Towards the end of his presidency however he came to acknowledge the role slaves played in waging the Civil War, in winsome it and most importantly the role they must have in healing the wounds of the new nation. Well organize and well written paper, but the absence of references for large section raises the question of academic honesty. Grade 8 4. BIBLIOGRAPHYAbraham Lincoln, The writings of Abraham Lincoln, V02 Ericson, David. The Debate Over thraldom Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in the Antebellum America. New York New York UP, 2000 Fehrenbacher, Donald, Abraham Lincoln, a objective portrait through his speeches and writings, Stanford , California, 1964 Harold Holzer,Sara Vaughn Gabbard,Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, Ind. ), Lincoln and freedom slavery, emancipation, and the 13th Amendment, Southern Illinois University, 2007 Kenneth L. Deutsch, Joseph R. Fornieri, Lincolns American inhalation Clashing Political Perspectives, Washington, D.C. M. McPherso n, James. How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Blacks in higher(prenominal) Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002) The Avalon Project. The Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln, 1865. The Yale Law School Project http//www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2. htm 1/20/2012 741 PM The Declaration of Independence 1 The Declaration of Independence 2 Ericson, David. The Debate Over Slavery Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in the Antebellum America.New York New York UP, 2000, p. 157 3 Abraham Lincoln, The writings of Abraham Lincoln, V 02, p. 82 4 Kenneth L. Deutsch, Joseph R. Fornieri, Lincolns American pipe dream Clashing Political Perspectives, Washington, D. C. , p. 470 5 M. McPherson, James. How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Blacks in higher(prenominal) Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), p. 108-109 6 Fehrenbacher, Donald, Abraham Lincoln, a documentary portrait through his speeches and writings, Stanford , California, 1964, p. 1 7 M. McPherson, op. cit. , p. 108 8 Harold Holzer,Sara Vaughn Gabbard,Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, Ind. ), Lincoln and freedom slavery, emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment, Southern Illinois University, 2007, p. 227 9 The Avalon Project. The Second Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln, 1865. The Yale Law School Project, http//www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2. htm 10 IBIDEM ABRAHAM LINCOLNS pose TOWARDS SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION Page8

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Islam, Terrorism and the Role of Media Essay

Terrorism Islam, the Most Widely misapprehend Religion and the Role of Media Increasing terrorism across the globe push aside be contri thated to many factors much(prenominal) as extremism, poverty and literacy rate just to name a few however, widely misunderstood godlinesss name been the focus of the blame, disregarding the root causes. It has been over a decade since Islam is be openly criticized for promoting terrorism. Islam is the lonesome(prenominal) religion that has been constantly associated with terrorism however, it does non promote terrorism, but actually fates it.The only possible way to snuff out terrorism is if media and super powers such as United States, China and Russia stop taking advantage of ecumenical public and start playing a positive role in this whole blame game. Individuals from the atomic number 74 view that Islam promotes terrorism, beget their own point of view. They trust that westward values are in engagement with the Moslem values, resulting in a clash of eastern and western cultures. According to the western view point, Muslims execute an aversion to the west for its successful secular state and therefore, express their hatred in the form of terrorism. at that place is no doubt that the values of western people are in conflict with the values of Islam.Muslims do not seem to like the idea of secularism however, this is not the main reason for terrorist activities carried out by Muslims. First, we contract to understand how terrorism arises. What is the main cause of terrorism? As Woodberry J. Dudley (2002) points out, Terrorism is a response to built-up grievances, tangible or imagined. in that respectfore, one cannot drive out terrorism without dealing with the grievances that have led to it. The most clear of these issues is the Israel-Palestine conflict.An early(a) study point raised by Western media is the doctrine of jehad in Islam. They have that the doctrine of Jihad in Islam plays an importan t role in promoting terrorism. Raphael Israeli argues in The Islamic philosophical system of Jihad Advocates Violence and Jennifer Hurley quotes him, Jihad has principally one meaning a military action intentional to expand the outer borders of the realm of Islam or to protect the borders of Dar al-Islam from encroaching unbelievers (Hurley, 2000). Although it would easily appear that Jihad advocates violence, and therefore results in terrorist activities from Muslims, this is un unfeigned.One cannot come to the conclusion that Jihadpromotes terrorism just by looking at the actions of Muslims, but instead exact to understand the concept of Jihad. First of all, Jihad does not mean Blessed War. It substance to strive for something. As Mohammed Abdul Malek points out in the following In reality jihad is a duty of Muslims to commit themselves to a struggle on all fronts moral, spiritual and political to create a just and decent society. It is not a holy war against the Muslims d uring the time of the Crusades (a war instigated by the church service for religious gain).There are other words in Arabic which are more get to use in a war situation, if war was the principal purpose of Jihad. Examples of such words are harb (war) and maaraka (battle).The Holy Quran could have used these instead of Jihad, if the intention was the declaration of war. (Hurley 2000). Hence, it is clear that it is the misinterpretation of Jihad that has led Muslims and Non-Muslims to believe that Jihad advocates terrorism. It is understandable if the doctrine of Jihad is misinterpreted by Non-Muslims, because they may not have enough knowledge about the laws of Islam or they may not have an understanding of the teachings of the Holy Quran, the holiest contain for Muslims.Yet how come various Muslims misinterpret the doctrine of Jihad? As Pervez Amir Ali Hoodbhoy, a Pakistani nuclear physicist, notes that, Maulana Abdus Sattar Edhi, Pakistans preeminent social worker, and the Taliba ns Mohammad Omar are both followers of Islam, but the author is overdue for a Nobel Peace Prize while the latter is an ignorant, psychotic fiend. (Schafer, 2002). These two men present the two ways of understanding Islam. One understanding is what Islam says. The other is the way it can be explained so that it fits in with ones own beliefs.The difference between the two is very obvious. Many Muslims hightail it to believe or explain things that fit in their beliefs. Unfortunately, this approach of understanding Islam has led to the misinterpretation of not only jihad, but the whole of Islam. On the other hand, right after the terrorist acts of 9/11, journalists were seen as being biased. Apparently, they were just doing their demarcations but the after effects of the incident put them into a severe patriotic state. There is nothing wrong with being patriotic about your country and hating your enemies but while doing a job that makes you stand in front of the millions, patriotism came out as a controversial factor.(Hess, Kalb, Brookings & Shorenstein, 2003). As conjuration McWethy, the chief national securitycorrespondent for ABC News, responded When you are on television, you are a token for your network. I would no more wave an American ag while I am seek to report in a nonbiased way about conict overseas than I would a Canadian ag or a British ag if I were a citizen of those countries. Im a reporter. (Hess, Kalb, Brookings & Shoranstein, 2003).At the same time, a majority of population residing in the Middle East and South Asia, condemn the western media for being biased against Islam. One has to agree to a certain level that American Republicans, who are known to be conservative, have control over few news channels and those channels only show one side of the story.In these critical times, the medias role should be to help contract the conflicts and show its audience the real face of terrorism. As Red Batario writes, From where I stand, as a citizen and media consumer, the stories that come my way are bereft of one important thing context and empowering information. They do not let me to make sense of what is happening around me. The stories tell me of problems, they do not tell me that something can be done.They tell me that everything is wrong but nothing about whats working. Other stories cite Muslim terrorists but I have yet to come across a news item identifying para-military groups who assassinated their victims as Christian terrorists. (Batario, 2012). Western media is also responsible for not appreciating the efforts made by Muslim community on daily basis. Those journalists and new anchors have totally ignored the anti-terrorism, anti 9/11 and anti floor attitude shown by Muslim patriots of the west. How come they do not see how it is like to grow a beard or wear hijab and curse the terrorists the enemies of the west at the same time.As Kamran Pasha, an author and a Hollywood filmmaker writes, Thomas Friedman wrote an outrageous column in The New York Times claiming that no major Muslim cleric or religious body has ever issued a fatwa condemning Osama bin Laden. (Pasha, 2009). Fatwa means a legal pronouncement in Islam usually given by an Islamic scholar to sort out a question. (Wikipedia, 2013).The surprising part is that a fatwa had already been issued by some Spanish Scholars in butt against 2005 yet Friedman chose to lie and misguided his fellow Americans and an unknown number of souls all over the world. Pasha farther elaborates, There is a real political agenda inside the media itself to keep Islam as the enemy, and to portray mainstream Muslims as a fifth column inside America. The idea thatyour Muslim neighbors are silently supporting Bin Laden sells newspapers.It captures the attention of viewers of the nightly news. And it furthers the ambitions of politicians who need a rallying point to get votes. (Pasha, 2009). It is true that most of the actions taken by the Muslims in the west go unnoticed. For example, Pakistan, a country located in South East Asia, has been fighting the war on terror for last 12 years and has wooly the lives of thousands of soldiers and civilians but still media keeps portraying Pakistan as a terrorist country. My question is, what would make their voices get heard? What on the button do they have to do in order to justify that they equally condemn terrorism? I guess no one better than media can answer these questions.Media definitely needs to play a more positive role instead of neglecting the real facts. The great minds in the media who create controversial stories should emphasize on coming up with creative ideas to illuminate the audience with truth. With the help of them and general public, many atrocities can be avoided by conveying the right message to the public. As Cerge Remonde said and Batario writes, We (the broadcast media) generate a lot of heat but very little light. (Batario, 2012). In conclusion, Islam has widely be en misinterpreted both in the western world and the Islamic world.To solve this problem, one cannot resort to war as a resolution or change the values of Islam, but instead there needs to be a change in western diplomacy to take into account the grievances held by many Muslims. The United States needs to change its outside(prenominal) policies, especially concerning the Arab-Israeli conflict, which would help many Muslims believe that the United States really wants to solve the issue at hand. non only does the responsibility lie in the hands of United States, but also the Muslim Umma (society), who as a whole need to step up and realize that what they believe in is wrong and they need to find out the truth. The authorities of Islam need to step up and take a stand.They need to tame the Muslim society and create more awareness about the true meaning of Jihad and other similar complicated concepts. If not, certainly this is only the beginning of terrorism in Islam. Not to mention, if media cooperates and stops being biased and one sided, issues bigger than terrorism could be overcome without wasting billions of dollars and many innocent civilian lives.ReferencesBatario, Red. (2012, May 21). Medias Role in Conflict and Terrorism. Center for Community Journalism and Development. Retrieved from http//ccjdphils.wordpress.com/2012/05/31/medias-role-in-conflict-and-terrorism/ Fatwa. (2013, evidence 8). Wikipedia, . Retrieved September 26, 2013 from http//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatwa&oldid=4211834. Hess, S., Kalb, M. L., Brookings, I., & Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, P. (2003). The Media and the War on Terrorism. Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press. Hurley, J. A., & Hurley, J. (2000). Islam opposing viewpoints. Greenhaven Press. Israeli, Raphael. (2001).The Islamic Doctrine of Jihad Advocated Violence. Jennifer A. Hurley (Eds.). Islam Opposing Viewpoints. (20-115) San Diego Greenhaven Press. Malek, Mohammed A. The Islamic Doctrine o f Jihad Does Not Advocate Violence. Jennifer A. Hurley (Eds.). Islam Opposing Viewpoints. (24-121). San Diego Greenhaven Press. Pasha, Kamran. (2009, April 20).The abundant Lie about Muslim Silence on Terrorism. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http//www.huffingtonpost.com/kamran-pasha/the-big-lie-about-muslim_b_188991.html Schafer, D. (2002). Islam and Terrorism. Humanist, 62(3), 16. Woodberry, J. (2002). Terrorism, Islam and Mission Reflections of a Guest in Muslims Lands. world-wide Bulletin of Missionary Research. (1), 2.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Sexual Harassment at Workplace

intimate torture At Workplace We ar unperturbed carrying that legacy where women atomic number 18 treat as inessential to men. True, the prison borders feature changed with Industrial Revolution and then the technological advances women have been acknowledge as satisf answerory to men all over. But the legacy which was carried from so m each ages goes on and it wastes time to change the oral sex sets of all Indians. The political system has to change and the entire systems ale customs like Sati and so forth hich are still rampant in some parts of India and yes the dowry system which is present everywhere have to go if women have to enjoy equal regard as along with men. As long as these evil practices watch and till commercialization of women through each and every useless advertisement is sound molestation of women non simply in compute place but in home, in street, in college everywhere ordain continue and male chauvinism tries to dominate the female submissi veness everywhere.According to the Protection of homo sort out run, 1993 human rights mover the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforce competent by courts in India. It is necessary and expedient for employers in function places as thoroughly as new(prenominal) responsible individuals or institutions to observe current guidelines to ensure the prevention of intimate curse of women as to snuff it with dignity is a human right guaranteed by our constitution. IndiaIn India versed bedevilment has been circumstanceed as Eve dirty and is described as unwelcome familiar intercommunicate or bearing whether today or indirectly as versedly colored remarks physical contact and advances showing pornography a withdraw or pass on for intimate favors some(prenominal) other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct existence intimate in nature. The deci sive factor is the unwelcomed behavior, on that pointby making the impact of such put to deaths on the recipient much pertinent rather than disembodied spirit of the perpetrator. As per the Indian Constitution, cozy badgering infringes the funda rational ight of a charr to in anatomyal practice equality nether Article 14 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and stretch out with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution. Although on that point is no specific constabulary against versed curse at oeuvre in India but m each provisions in other keisterons encourage against versed agony at piece of melt, such as portion 354, IPC deals with assault or vicious force to a woman with the intent to outrage her shyness, and partitioning 509, IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to aggravate the modesty of a woman. What amounts to informal worrying?In 1997 in Vishaka Vs. area of Rajasthan and others, for the first time knowledgeable mol estation had been declaredly- legally delimitate as an unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as 1. versedly coloured remarks 2. Physical contact and advances 3. Showing pornography 4. A demand or request for sexual favours 5. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. It was in this landmark fact that the sexual harassment was set as a offend illegal behaviour. The critical factor in sexual harassment is the unwelcomeness of the behaviour.Thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator- which is to be considered. In any potpourri of cheek i. e. government, private or public enterprises such kind of conduct creates an apprehension in the minds of the employees that if they dont per habitus the work advancen to them they will be hotshot the victims of sexual harassment and in that locationby it creates concern in their minds. On the other hand s it is in like manner the employer who might threat the employee regarding there transfer, promotion and so forth nd it has been seen in the corporates that the employer do ask for some kind of favour in order to bind the job, transfer or promotion or for that matter in order to increase their salary. All this amounts to Sexual Harassment because it is make against the will of the person and the employees who are in need of the above things do allot to the terms of the employer. In other words it digest be said that, it is discriminatory when the woman has tenable commonwealths to moot that her quarryion would disadvantage her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promotion or when it creates a hostile work surround. adverse consequences might be visited if the victim does not admit to the conduct in question or raises any targetion thereto. Laws under which a gaucherie ordure be filed In India there is no specific law relating to Sexual Hara ssment at workplace but there are certain sections in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Constitution and certain other laws and Acts that protect the womens from sexual harassment at workplace and they are as follows branch 354, IPC deals with assault or criminal force to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty and lays deal thatWhoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be penalise with captivity of each description for a term which may boom to two years, or with fine or both. In racing shells where the accused sexually harasses or irritates the modesty of a woman by authority of either- salacious acts or songs or- by means of words, gesture, or acts intended to insult the modesty of a woman, he shall be punished under Sections. 94 and 509 respectively. beneath Sec. 294 the obscene act or song essential cause annoyance. Though annoyance is an important divis or of this offence, it being associated with the mental condition, has often to be inferred from proved facts. However, other important ingredient of this offence is that the obscene acts or songs must be committed or sung in or near any public place. Section 509, IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman and lays down thatWhoever intending to insult the modesty of any woman utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or both. (Cognizable and bailable offences). Civil match heap be filed for damages under tort laws. That is, the basis for filing the case would be mental anguish, physical harassment, leaving of income and employment caused by the sexual harassment.Under the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act (1987) if an individual harasses another with books, photographs, paintings, films, pamphlets, packages, etc. containing indecent representation of women they are liable for a minimum execration of 2 years. Section 7 (Offenses by Companies) holds companies where there has been indecent representation of women (such as the display of pornography) on the premises punishable of offenses under this act, with a minimum sentence of 2 years.Early history of the use of the term Sexual harassment The term sexual harassment was used in 1973 in a state to the then electric chair and Chancellor of MIT intimately various forms of gender issues. In the book In Our duration Memoir of a Revolution (1999), journalist Susan Brown miller quotes the Cornell activists who in 1975 thought they had coined the term sexual harassment 8 of them were sitting in an office brainstorming about what they were going to write on posters for their speak-out . They were referring to it as sexual intimidation, sexual coercion, sexual exploitation on the job. None of those names seemed quite right. They treasured something that embraced a consentient range of subtle and un-subtle persistent behaviors. Somebody came up with harassment. Sexual harassment immediately they agreed. Thats what it was. These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne went on to form Working Womens Institute which, along with the Alliance against Sexual Coercion, founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz, were among the open up government activitys to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s.Harassment Situations Sexual harassments can fleet in a variety of circumstances. Often, but not always, the harrier is in a position of advocator or spot over the victim (due to differences in age, or social, political, educational or employment relationships). The harasser and the victim can be anyon e and of any gender, such as a client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger. The victim does not have to be the person directly plague but can be anyone who finds the behavior offensive and is affected by it. Adverse kernels on the target are common.The harasser does not have to be of the opposite sex. The harasser may be all unaware that his or her behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment or may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful. Misunderstanding can chair from a bunk where one thinks he/she is making themselves clear, but is not understood the way they intended. The misapprehend can either be reasonable or unreasonable. An example of unreasonable is when a man holds a certain uninventive view of a woman such that he did not understand the womans explicit message to stop.Types of harassment There is often more than one type of harassing behavior present, so a single harasser may fit more than one category. The different types of harassment could be Stalking. Pest, Bully, Power-Player, fuck off/Father figure (a. k. a the counselor helper), Groper, One-Of-The-Gang, Serial Harasser, Opportunist, Confidante, Situational Harasser etc. travel to be interpreted by the employers In Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, the Supreme court of justice in absence of ny enacted law (which still cadaver absent- save the Supreme Court guidelines as stated hereunder) to show for kernelive enforcement of introductory human rights of gender equality and guarantee against sexual harassment, laid down the following guidelines All Employers or persons in commove of work place whether in public or private sector should transfer appropriate stairs to prevent sexual harassment. Without prejudice to the generality of this obligation they should take the following move (a) Express barrier of sexual harassment as defined, above at the work place should be notified, published and circula ted in appropriate ways. b) The Rules/Regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to conduct and discipline should include rules / regulations prohibiting sexual harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the offender. (c) As regards private employers beats should be taken to include the aforementioned(prenominal) prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1940. d) Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure, health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards women at work places and no employee woman should have reasonable grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment. sentience Rights of female employees in this regard should be created in event by conspicuously notifying the guidelines (and appropriate legislation when enacted on the subject) in a suitable manner.This is one of the most impo rtant factors that should be taken up seriously both by the employer and the government. The female employees should be made aware of the rights that are available to them relating to Sexual Harassment. In the metropolitan cities the female employees operative in good companies and working at high take aim are very well up about their rights but those females who are working at the low aim and in small towns hardly know about their rights which they can exercise for any kind of sexual harassment thereby getting relief from the court as well as their dignity preoccupied due to this harassment.Effects of sexual harassment on geological formations Sexual Harassment has an adverse effect on the organization as the working enthusiasm of the sexually harassed female employee goes down, she is not able to work in the same way as she was before being harassed and thus she is not able to give her 100% to the organization thereby leading to decreased job satisfaction.This is only one th e factor there might be loss of staff and expertise from resignations to avoid harassment or resignations/firings of alleged harassers loss of students who leave school to avoid harassment. And the most important there might be decrease in the productivity level and increase in team conflicts. Decrease in victor at concourse financial oddments (because of team conflict) and this may lead to loss for the organization as they cuckold to achieve the goal of the organization.Some other problems that the organization has to face due to the harassment Increased health charge costs and be sick pay costs because of the health consequences of harassment, the knowledge that harassment is permitted can undermine estimable standards and discipline in the organization in general, as staff and/or students lose respect for, and bank in, their seniors who indulge in, or turn a blind eye to, sexual harassment, if the problem is ignored, a companys or schools image can suffer, legal costs if the problem is ignored and complainants take the issue to court.Some famous case laws relating to Sexual Harassment One of the most famous case laws in the history of India relating to sexual harassment is Vishaka v State of Rajasthan and others, wherein for the first time the definition of sexual harassment was defined, certain guidelines pertaining to the employers were laid down, as to how their contribution in the organization could avoid sexual harassment of the female employees in the organization. In this particular case a writ petition was filed by Vishaka- a nonGovernmental organization working for gender equality by way of PIL seeking enforcement of fundamental rights of working women under Article. 21 of the Constitution. case A K. Chopras case, is the first case in which the Supreme Court applied the law laid down in Vishakas case and upheld the dismissal of a superior officer of the Delhi based Apparel Export onward motion Council who was found blameful of sexual har assment of a subordinate female employee at the place of work on the ground that it violated her fundamental right guaranteed by Article. 21 of the Constitution.In both cases the Supreme Court observed, that In cases involving Human Rights, the Courts must be alive to the International Conventions and Instruments as far as attainable to give effect to the principles contained therein- such as the Convention on the Eradication of All forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 CE DAW and the capital of Red China Declaration direct all state parties to take appropriate measures to prevent such discrimination. The guidelines and judgments have identified sexual harassment as a question of power exerted by the perpetrator on the victim.Therefore sexual harassment in addition to being a trespass of the right to safe working conditions is as well as a violation of the right to bodily integrity of the woman. In Rupan Deol Bajaj Vs. K PS. branchia, a senior IAS officer, Rupan Bajaj w as slapped on the posterior by the then headspring of Police, Punjab- Mr. K P S. Gill at a dinner party party in July 1988. Rupan Bajaj filed a suit against him, despite the public opinion that she was blowing it out of proportion, along with the attempts by all the senior officials of the state to suppress the matter.The Supreme Court in January, 1998 fined Mr. K P S. Gill Rs. 2. 5 lacs in lieu of three months Rigorous Imprisonment under Sections. 294 and 509 of the Indian Penal Code. In N Radhabai Vs. D. Ramchandran, Radhabai, monument to D Ramchandran, the then social minister for state protested against his abuse of girls in the benefit institutions, he move to molest her, which was followed by her dismissal. The Supreme Court in 1995 passed the judgment in her favour, with indorse pay and perks from the consider of dismissal.These are some of the famous case laws in the history of India which have completely justified sexual harassment at a workplace and held the accused liable, be it a Chief Police military officer or a Social minister. Conclusion Sexual Harassment at workplace, its not only the duty of the employer to make sure that the female employees are provided with the proper working conditions, rules and regulations etc. its also the duty of the female employees to make sure that where ever they are working is that a safe place, there is no kind of fear as to promotion, transfer, salary etc. if she refuses to take the stomach given to her.Its also their duty to make sure that they inform the management of the head of the organization if any kind of unwelcomed behavior is being noticed by them so that the organization can take the right step at the right time. The females working in corporate sectors the big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru are very well aware about their rights or as or as to what steps should be taken if sexual harassment is done to them but then there are hardly any female employees working in small industries, villages where the rate of sexual harassment is high know about all the laws, rights and reliefs that are available for them.In the past three years there have been thirty natural law official who have been arrested for sexual harassment. Now if the helpers of the law are going to do this then what can we expect form the ordinary citizens. The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill 2010 focuses on womens right to protective cover against sexual harassment at the workplace. The Passing of this bill will empower the women to action against the wrongdoer in a more powerful and stronger manner.Sexual Harassment at WorkplaceSexual Harassment At Workplace We are still carrying that legacy where women are treated as secondary to men. True, the times have changed with Industrial Revolution and then the technological advances women have been recognized as equal to men all over. But the legacy which was carried from so many ages goes on and it takes time to change the mind sets of all Indians. The political system has to change and the entire systems ale customs like Sati etc. hich are still rampant in some parts of India and yes the dowry system which is present everywhere have to go if women have to enjoy equal respect along with men. As long as these evil practices continue and till commercialization of women through each and every useless advertisement is practiced harassment of women not only in work place but in home, in street, in college everywhere will continue and male chauvinism tries to dominate the female submissiveness everywhere.According to the Protection of Human Right Act, 1993 human rights means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India. It is necessary and expedient for employers in work places as well as other responsible persons or institutions to observe certain guidelines to ensure the prevention of sexual harassment of women as to live with dignity is a human right guaranteed by our constitution. IndiaIn India Sexual harassment has been termed as Eve teasing and is described as unwelcome sexual gesture or behavior whether directly or indirectly as sexually colored remarks physical contact and advances showing pornography a demand or request for sexual favors any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. The critical factor is the unwelcomed behavior, thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator. As per the Indian Constitution, sexual harassment infringes the fundamental ight of a woman to gender equality under Article 14 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and live with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution. Although there is no specific law against sexual harassment at workplace in India but many provisions in other legislations protect against sexual harassment at workplace, such as Section 354, IPC deals with assault or criminal force to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty, and Section 509, IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman. What amounts to sexual harassment?In 1997 in Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, for the first time sexual harassment had been explicitly- legally defined as an unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as 1. Sexually coloured remarks 2. Physical contact and advances 3. Showing pornography 4. A demand or request for sexual favours 5. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. It was in this landmark case that the sexual harassment was identified as a separate illegal behaviour. The critical factor in sexual harassment is the unwelcomeness of the behaviour.Thereby making the impact of such actions on the recipient more relevant rather than intent of the perpetrator- which is to be considered. I n any kind of organization i. e. government, private or public enterprises such kind of conduct creates an apprehension in the minds of the employees that if they dont perform the work given to them they will be one the victims of sexual harassment and thereby it creates fear in their minds. On the other hands it is also the employer who might threat the employee regarding there transfer, promotion etc. nd it has been seen in the corporates that the employer do ask for some kind of favour in order to give the job, transfer or promotion or for that matter in order to increase their salary. All this amounts to Sexual Harassment because it is done against the will of the person and the employees who are in need of the above things do agree to the terms of the employer. In other words it can be said that, it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable grounds to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promot ion or when it creates a hostile work environment.Adverse consequences might be visited if the victim does not consent to the conduct in question or raises any objection thereto. Laws under which a case can be filed In India there is no specific law relating to Sexual Harassment at workplace but there are certain sections in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Constitution and certain other laws and Acts that protect the womens from sexual harassment at workplace and they are as follows Section 354, IPC deals with assault or criminal force to a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty and lays down thatWhoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine or both. In cases where the accused sexually harasses or insults the modesty of a woman by way of either- obscene acts or songs or - by means of words, gesture, or acts intended to insult the modesty of a woman, he shall be punished under Sections. 94 and 509 respectively. Under Sec. 294 the obscene act or song must cause annoyance. Though annoyance is an important ingredient of this offence, it being associated with the mental condition, has often to be inferred from proved facts. However, another important ingredient of this offence is that the obscene acts or songs must be committed or sung in or near any public place. Section 509, IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman and lays down thatWhoever intending to insult the modesty of any woman utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or both. (Cogniz able and bailable offences). Civil suit can be filed for damages under tort laws. That is, the basis for filing the case would be mental anguish, physical harassment, loss of income and employment caused by the sexual harassment.Under the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act (1987) if an individual harasses another with books, photographs, paintings, films, pamphlets, packages, etc. containing indecent representation of women they are liable for a minimum sentence of 2 years. Section 7 (Offenses by Companies) holds companies where there has been indecent representation of women (such as the display of pornography) on the premises guilty of offenses under this act, with a minimum sentence of 2 years.Early history of the use of the term Sexual harassment The term sexual harassment was used in 1973 in a report to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues. In the book In Our Time Memoir of a Revolution (1999), journalist Susan Brown mill er quotes the Cornell activists who in 1975 thought they had coined the term sexual harassment Eight of them were sitting in an office brainstorming about what they were going to write on posters for their speak-out. They were referring to it as sexual intimidation, sexual coercion, sexual exploitation on the job. None of those names seemed quite right. They wanted something that embraced a whole range of subtle and un-subtle persistent behaviors. Somebody came up with harassment. Sexual harassment Instantly they agreed. Thats what it was. These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne went on to form Working Womens Institute which, along with the Alliance against Sexual Coercion, founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz, were among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s.Harassment Situations Sexual harassments can occur in a variety of circumstances. Often, but not always, the haras ser is in a position of power or authority over the victim (due to differences in age, or social, political, educational or employment relationships). The harasser and the victim can be anyone and of any gender, such as a client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger. The victim does not have to be the person directly harassed but can be anyone who finds the behavior offensive and is affected by it. Adverse effects on the target are common.The harasser does not have to be of the opposite sex. The harasser may be completely unaware that his or her behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment or may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful. Misunderstanding can result from a situation where one thinks he/she is making themselves clear, but is not understood the way they intended. The misunderstanding can either be reasonable or unreasonable. An example of unreasonable is when a man holds a certain stereotypical view of a woman such that he did not understand the womans explicit message to stop.Types of harassment There is often more than one type of harassing behavior present, so a single harasser may fit more than one category. The different types of harassment could be Stalking. Pest, Bully, Power-Player, Mother/Father figure (a. k. a the counselor helper), Groper, One-Of-The-Gang, Serial Harasser, Opportunist, Confidante, Situational Harasser etc. Steps to be taken by the employers In Vishaka Vs. State of Rajasthan and others, the Supreme Court in absence of ny enacted law (which still remains absent- save the Supreme Court guidelines as stated hereunder) to provide for effective enforcement of basic human rights of gender equality and guarantee against sexual harassment, laid down the following guidelines All Employers or persons in charge of work place whether in public or private sector should take appropriate steps to prevent sexual harassment. Without prejudice to the generality of this o bligation they should take the following steps (a) Express prohibition of sexual harassment as defined, above at the work place should be notified, published and circulated in appropriate ways. b) The Rules/Regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to conduct and discipline should include rules / regulations prohibiting sexual harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the offender. (c) As regards private employers steps should be taken to include the aforesaid prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1940. d) Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure, health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards women at work places and no employee woman should have reasonable grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment. Awareness Rights of female employees in this regard should be created in particul ar by prominently notifying the guidelines (and appropriate legislation when enacted on the subject) in a suitable manner.This is one of the most important factors that should be taken up seriously both by the employer and the government. The female employees should be made aware of the rights that are available to them relating to Sexual Harassment. In the metropolitan cities the female employees working in good companies and working at high level are very well about their rights but those females who are working at the low level and in small towns hardly know about their rights which they can exercise for any kind of sexual harassment thereby getting relief from the court as well as their dignity lost due to this harassment.Effects of sexual harassment on organizations Sexual Harassment has an adverse effect on the organization as the working enthusiasm of the sexually harassed female employee goes down, she is not able to work in the same way as she was before being harassed and thus she is not able to give her 100% to the organization thereby leading to decreased job satisfaction.This is only one the factor there might be loss of staff and expertise from resignations to avoid harassment or resignations/firings of alleged harassers loss of students who leave school to avoid harassment. And the most important there might be decrease in the productivity level and increase in team conflicts. Decrease in success at meeting financial goals (because of team conflict) and this may lead to loss for the organization as they fail to achieve the goal of the organization.Some other problems that the organization has to face due to the harassment Increased health care costs and sick pay costs because of the health consequences of harassment, the knowledge that harassment is permitted can undermine ethical standards and discipline in the organization in general, as staff and/or students lose respect for, and trust in, their seniors who indulge in, or turn a blind eye to, sexual harassment, if the problem is ignored, a companys or schools image can suffer, legal costs if the problem is ignored and complainants take the issue to court.Some famous case laws relating to Sexual Harassment One of the most famous case laws in the history of India relating to sexual harassment is Vishaka v State of Rajasthan and others, wherein for the first time the definition of sexual harassment was defined, certain guidelines pertaining to the employers were laid down, as to how their contribution in the organization could avoid sexual harassment of the female employees in the organization. In this particular case a writ petition was filed by Vishaka- a nonGovernmental organization working for gender equality by way of PIL seeking enforcement of fundamental rights of working women under Article. 21 of the Constitution. case A K. Chopras case, is the first case in which the Supreme Court applied the law laid down in Vishakas case and upheld the dismissal of a superior o fficer of the Delhi based Apparel Export Promotion Council who was found guilty of sexual harassment of a subordinate female employee at the place of work on the ground that it violated her fundamental right guaranteed by Article. 21 of the Constitution.In both cases the Supreme Court observed, that In cases involving Human Rights, the Courts must be alive to the International Conventions and Instruments as far as possible to give effect to the principles contained therein- such as the Convention on the Eradication of All forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 CE DAW and the Beijing Declaration directing all state parties to take appropriate measures to prevent such discrimination. The guidelines and judgments have identified sexual harassment as a question of power exerted by the perpetrator on the victim.Therefore sexual harassment in addition to being a violation of the right to safe working conditions is also a violation of the right to bodily integrity of the woman. In R upan Deol Bajaj Vs. K PS. Gill, a senior IAS officer, Rupan Bajaj was slapped on the posterior by the then Chief of Police, Punjab- Mr. K P S. Gill at a dinner party in July 1988. Rupan Bajaj filed a suit against him, despite the public opinion that she was blowing it out of proportion, along with the attempts by all the senior officials of the state to suppress the matter.The Supreme Court in January, 1998 fined Mr. K P S. Gill Rs. 2. 5 lacs in lieu of three months Rigorous Imprisonment under Sections. 294 and 509 of the Indian Penal Code. In N Radhabai Vs. D. Ramchandran, Radhabai, Secretary to D Ramchandran, the then social minister for state protested against his abuse of girls in the welfare institutions, he attempted to molest her, which was followed by her dismissal. The Supreme Court in 1995 passed the judgment in her favour, with back pay and perks from the date of dismissal.These are some of the famous case laws in the history of India which have completely justified sexua l harassment at a workplace and held the accused liable, be it a Chief Police Officer or a Social minister. Conclusion Sexual Harassment at workplace, its not only the duty of the employer to make sure that the female employees are provided with the proper working conditions, rules and regulations etc. its also the duty of the female employees to make sure that where ever they are working is that a safe place, there is no kind of fear as to promotion, transfer, salary etc. if she refuses to take the offer given to her.Its also their duty to make sure that they inform the management of the head of the organization if any kind of unwelcomed behavior is being noticed by them so that the organization can take the right step at the right time. The females working in corporate sectors the big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru are very well aware about their rights or as or as to what steps should be taken if sexual harassment is done to them but then there are hardly any female emp loyees working in small industries, villages where the rate of sexual harassment is high know about all the laws, rights and reliefs that are available for them.In the past three years there have been thirty police official who have been arrested for sexual harassment. Now if the helpers of the law are going to do this then what can we expect form the ordinary citizens. The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill 2010 focuses on womens right to protection against sexual harassment at the workplace. The Passing of this bill will empower the women to action against the wrongdoer in a more powerful and stronger manner.