How Technology Has Changed Our Lives.

drawrect MODERN period (1950-1985) After the Second World War Americans began to prosper, millions of people were changing. The troops that were returning from war some 12 million served during the war years were going back in the workforce. Most of these men were mere children when they sign(a) on, some from rural America that never returned to work the earth. Farming technology was being gravel to fore underwrite act this problem. So much so that at the turn of the twentieth century 50 sh atomic number 18age of the workforce was on farms that provided the nations food.By the end of the 1950s only 7 percent of the workforce was working the nations farms. Hourly wages for selected industries, United States, 1950 1901 .. $ 0. 23 1918 .. .53 1935 .. .58 1950 .. 1. 59 stemma U. S. bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey Manufacturing. (Bureau of Labor Statistics) Yale Brozen writes Fear of mechanisation can be traced to 4 stemmas. One is based on the assumptio n that there is a fixed measuring rod of goods.The second stemma of fear springs from the idea that automation or cybernation is something to a greater extent than the latest stage in the pine evolution of technology. The third source of fear lies in the fact that we atomic number 18 much more aware of the people displaced by automation and concerned about them than we are of the other unemployed. Even while we quail the amount of manpower needed to do a fixed amount of work does that fixed amount of work remain the same? As we each hold up this is not the case. As we free up manpower from one aspect we find new and productive uses for that manpower. His words speak the truth indeedce as they do today. It saves lives through the aid it gives doctors. By controlling transaction signals in response to traffic flows and reducing traffic congestion, it adds hours to the free time of commuters every week. It helps scientists, with the aid of high speed data bear on to develop new knowledge that otherwise would not be available in our lifetimes. We are change magnitude the scale of educational activities because mechanization, automation, cybernation, or whatever we choose to call our new technology, makes it possible to do more than we could formerly. With the coming of automation, men are able to do more and have more.Both sublime and sublunary activities are being enlarged and the number of jobs has grown as a consequence, not declined. (Brozen) The second source of fear that the latest idea of automation or technology will become something more then what it was intended to be. People were so obsessed with what the future would hold books and movies were made to cast this fear. Science allegory was used to depict future events that could occur. Films such as one that was released in 1968 2001 A Space Odyssey where an mawkishly intelligent super estimator, HAL takes over a space mission.Today some super computers are in use, are they anyway near b eing HAL? whatever say we are getting close to true artificial intelligence, but we are far from HAL. The forth source of fear of automation is that it reduces the demand for unskilful workers. This may be true in some instances but at the same time the demand for skilled workers will increase. As stated previously companies do their best to keep their employees. When possible they are educate these employees to fill new jobs that become available because of the new technology. If this were true then the unemployment rate would raise proportionately.If automation is added to a process and did the work of five people then five people would be unemployed. We know that this does not make sense. It has increased productivity to the process not that it reduced people from the process. NEW wrap (1985-Present) The year 1985 saw more technological changes, Windows 1. 0 is introduced here you can do more than alone one DOS application at a time. Made by this little upstart IBM follower company called Microsoft, it even comes with a calculator program. Some other wonders of 1985 is the first compact disk take aim only memory (CD-ROM) of none other than a Grolier Encyclopedia.Apple was the big name in computers at the time and most businesses had one. To be up to date in the office the new Apple LaserWriter pressman was the best and it only cost around $7000. The main reason we call 1985 the New Wave geological era is this, the first . Com domain name, symbolics. com, is registered by the Symbolics Corporation. (The People History) According to David Huether, chief economist of the National Association of Manufacturers, U. S. manufacturers are producing and exporting more goods than ever before. While manufacturing output easily outpaces the larger U. S. economy, manufacturing employment, at 14. million, is at its last level in more than 50 years. (Williams) Another place that has felt the effects of technology is in the office, or white collar jobs. Michael J. Handel writes in a brief for SRI International Analyses of national data present that increased use of computers in the 1980s and 1990s was associated with greater use of more-educated workers within industries. However, the direction of causation is unclear. It may be that both educational upgrading and greater computer use simply reflect an free lance increase in the number of white collar workers within industries, who are the most frequent computer users.It may be that the hiring of more-educated workers, usually office workers, stimulates demand for computers rather than vice versa. In addition, the industries upgrading their educational levels cooccurring with adoption of computers in the 1980s and 1990s also appear to have been upgrading educational levels before the general diffusion of computers. (Handel) There are many ways to make a job better, faster, and safer. Every dayI see improvements to the work floor. There are many facets of the business that help with thes e improvements.Some of which are our Product learning Teams (PDT) that will follow the work to see if anything can be changed. They work closely with our Research and increase (RD) operations. These two subject fields have grown by 1000% in the last twenty years. Another area that has greatly grown is our engineering staff and related personal. In 1996 the skilled trades had two engineers to take all our requests to. We now have engineers for facilities, electricians, repairmen, mobile equipment, power house, and toolmakers. In all we have become more potent and more efficient in how we do our business of repairing the machinery in the factory.Everyone can be affected by technology no job is completely that same as it was in years past. Studies have been made to classify a job for automation. They are based on three dimensions, Receptiveness Stability Structuredness Some jobs are changing constantly, I have seen toll booth operations change here in Illinois just over the last tw o years. The new faster E-Z pass lanes going into Chicago for one. I asked one of the booth operators how they liked them, one told me that it was all good. Their day is less stressful and they have chartered more people in the toll way system.More people to monitor and maintain the equipment and make sure those that did not pay get those little notices in the mail. WORKS CITED Baughman, James L. Television Comes to America, 1947-57. Editorial. Illinois Periodicals Online (IPO) Project. N. p. , Mar. 1993. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//www. lib. niu. edu/1993/ ihy930341. html. Bland Jr. , Gordon R. The Effects of Job Automation on the Economy. Scribd. N. p. , 4 Mar. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//www. scribd. com/doc/12965589/The-Effects-of-Job-Automation-on-the-Economy. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 100 Years of U. S.Consumer Spending Data for the Nation, New York City, and Boston. United States Department of Labor. N. p. , 3 Aug. 2006. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//www. bls. gov/opub/uscs/1 950. pdf. Brozen, Yale. Automation The Retreating Catastrophe. Ludwig von Mises Institute. N. p. , n. d. http//mises. org/journals/lar/pdfs/2_3/2_3_5. pdf. Rpt. in Automation The Retreating Catastrophe. N. p. n. p. , n. d. N. pag. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//mises. org/. Handel, Michael J. SRI Project Number P10168. SRI International, July 2003. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//www. sri. om/policy/csted/reports/sandt/it/Handel_IT_Employment_InfoBrief. pdf. Huether, David. The Case of The wanting(p) Jobs. BusinessWeek. N. p. , 3 Apr. 2006. http//www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_14/b3978116. htm. Rpt. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_14/b3978116. htm. The People History . 1985. N. p. , 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http//www. thepeoplehistory. com/ 1985. html. U. S. Congress, chest of Technology Assessment, Reducing Launch Operations Costs New Technologies and Practices, OTA-TM-ISC-28 (Washington, DC U. S. Government Print ing Office, family 1988).

Deviant Behavior / The Social Learning Theory Essay

A individual would be considered to be acting in a unnatural manner inwardly a complaisant setting if they argon violating the established social norm at bottom that particular culture. What causes a human being to act in certain ship canal is a disputed topic among researchers. at that place ar three types of researchers that have tried to answer this question. There is the psychological, biological, and the sociological approach. With all of the studies that have been performed, not wiz group has abided an exact reason or commentary as to why people behave in a abnormal manner. Although sociologists theories have not been disproved as often as the psychologists and biologists theories because their experiments are too hard to define and no one definition for aberration is agreed upon by all experimenters (Pfuhl, 1980, p. 40), the sociological perspective has provided the most information concerning why people possess deviance. The definition of degenerate means i s considered to be broad with multiple skylinepoints which makes it complicated and difficult to find an spotless answer (Pfuhl, 1980, p. 18). This is why this topic is so important in the study of sociology. Sociologists have more(prenominal) information, and thusly may be closer to finding the best explanation for the major contributing factors in explaining the victimisation of abnormal sort(s) within a certain culture. For this reason, the main focus of this paper is based on the sociological stand point of deviance based upon the Social Learning Theory and social reception(s) to deviant behavior(s). fit to The Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), one person can learn simply by observant the behavior of another person (DeLamater, 2011, p. 10).The family is the major link to socialization in ones milieu (Four Categories of Family Functions that Seem to Promote Delinquent Behavior, p. 1). In the family, divorce, conflict within family, flush it, abuse, and deviant par ents are the main determinates for the effects actions or behavior. Early researchers first thought parental absence only affected girls and members of the dust coat population. Modern research finds that the lack of supervision or support of the babes needs is a link to delinquency in whatsoever race. It occurs more in single parent homes because they have a more difficult time providing supervision and support. Poverty can be another reason within the family for conflict because it can lead to both family breakups and delinquency.Children need close and supportive relationships with parents. The inability to talk to parents overly promotes deviance within the home. The boor may feel that they need to obtain attention elsewhere, thus acting in a deviant manner if their parents are not there to provide guidance and support. Parents can pr til nowt this type of behavior by being competent, providing non-aggressive punishment, and by being supportive in vagabond to build the ch ilds self-confidence. Family conflict has more damaging effects on children than divorce, whereas parental stopping point has less impact than divorce (Four Categories of Family Functions that Seem to Promote Delinquent Behavior, p. 2). When a parent dies a child at least k at a times that the parent did not want to leave on his own terms and credibly did not inflict any abuse to his or her psyche before the parent passes away.Also, if a child still has contact with both parents after a divorce the less likely the child willing feel scorned and feel the need to react with deviant behavior. Family size also leaves an adolescent with bug out the requisite attention they need as an individual. Middle children are more likely to exhibit deviant behavior because they go unnoticed more than their younger or older siblings. The legal definition of abuse and neglect varies from state to state but does, in any form, create serious consequences for behavior. This abuse and/or neglect occu rs in sustained patterns, which causes stress, poor self-esteem, aggressiveness, lack of empathy, and fewer interactions with peers. Child abuse is defined as any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation is found. cut refers to the deprivation that children suffer at the hands of parents (Deviance Behavior that Violates Norms, p. 1). such components that applyto these definitions are non-accidental physical wounding and neglect, emotional abuse or neglect, sexual abuse, and abandonment. Over one million youth in the States are subjected to abuse each year. In terms of sexual abuse, one in ten ill-treated are boys, and one in three of them are girls. It is unknown how many cases go unreported in any area of abuse or neglect each year. From 1980 to 1986, the number of reported cases rose 60 percent. The most common reason for parents abusing their children is due to a acquire function they acquired from their parents. This tendency to pass fel l deviant behavior through generations is a cycle of family violence (Lemert, 1972, p. 48). Parents are unable to separate puerility traumas from the relationships they have with their own kids. Another unhealthy thing to learn from a parent is the feeling of isolation from family and friends. This is more common is single parent families and lower socioeconomic classes. If a person is living in a lower class, single-parent environment, that person is at a real disadvantage.It may be because they do not feel they are good enough to belong in the realms of society. Delinquency is when a child acts out their hostility towards the parent or abuser in a deviant manner (Lemert, 1972, p. 59). Parents need to provide adequate guidance and punishment to their child when the child exhibits deviant behavior however, the problem is that some parents do not see or choose not to see the childs deviant behavior. other influences outside of the home can cause a person to act in a deviant manner. Peers, media images, and other people in society establish what the norm should be in a granted area or culture. What is considered normal can be relatively different in various areas of the world. What is considered deviant can be changed over time once society as a whole feels more comfortable and accepting of the certain type of deviant behavior. For instance, only certain people once obtained tattoos and now it is a current fad to cover the entire body with them. Media portrays models and famous figures with unusual tattoos, piercings, and certain attitudes as normal and acceptable to teenagers in todays culture. There are more devil-worshipers, or so they portray, in the music business. This implies to children that it is cool to wear the black clothes and act somewhat gothic. This is just one example.It may depend on the person as to how much theirpeers and media influence them to go against the norms. Once a person is denominate deviant, they usually continue to respond to society as if they are deviant. This aspect of deviance is called The Labeling Theory. There are sociologists who seek to find why certain acts are defined as woeful, and others are not. They also question how and why certain people become defined as a criminal or deviant. In this realm of study, the acts that they perform are not significant to the criminals, but it is the social reaction to them that is (Becker, p. 1). The response and label from other individuals in society, such as peers, are how the individuals view themselves. When a person performs a deviant act, they are then labeled by society and separated from the normal people. Such labels in todays society are whore, abuser, loser, etc. These people are then outsiders and tie in with other individuals who have been cast out of the societal norm. When more and more people within the norm of society guess of these people as deviant, then these people performing deviant behaviors think they are deviant too. The Labeling Theory states that once they feel this way, they will continue to behave in the way society now expects them to behave. The question is, are humans genetically predisposed to deviant behavior, or do the people around them influence them to act in this way?The sociological perspective is the factor that has been the least questioned explanation even though it does not always give the exact justification for the origin of the deviant behavior. Sociologists learn from cultural influences in lieu of biological or psychological biases. Rather than concern with behavior from certain people, sociologists view deviance as a behavior engaged in a person by having a common sociocultural or the same experiences within a culture. Edwin H. Sutherland explains that deviant and non-deviant behaviors are learned in the same ways through his Differential Association Theory. Sutherland demonstrates that criminal behavior is learned from intimate groups by the means of communication. When they learn how to act in a deviant manner, they know what is tangled in, and what drives a person to commit a horror. This does vary in people who have different characteristics and learn abilities. However, one group may view certain behavior as deviant, i.e. shoplifting, while others may view shoplifting as justified because businesses charge too much money. Theviewpoint of each group develops by observing others and imitating their behavior, otherwise known as The Social Learning Theory (DeLamater, 2011, p. 386). Whatever the cause of deviant behavior, it is a major problem within society.The exact determinates that stomach to a persons deviant behavior are controversial. It may be from inherited traits, behavior learned from society and family, or even a combination of the two. The social interaction certainly leads to The Labeling Theory and how individuals may strive to meet the expectations of their labeled identity. However, The Social Learning Theory seems to best explain the majo r environmental influences on children by family members and peers which contribute to the development of deviant behavior and societys reaction to various behaviors that are considered to be deviant.BibliographyBecker, H. S. (n.d.). Overview of Labeling Theories. Retrieved from http//home.ici.net/ddemelo/crime/labeling.html DeLamater, J. &. (2011). Social Psychology. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Deviance Behavior that Violates Norms. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.elco.pa.us/Academics/Social_Studies/Care/ITTP_2/Chap.8.html Four Categories of Family Functions that Seem to Promote Delinquent Behavior. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.mpcc.cc.ne.us/aseffles/delcrslides/ch.09/tsld012.html Lemert, E. M. (1972). humankind Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. Pfuhl, E. H. (1980). The Deviance Process. New York D. Van Nostrand Company.

Moral and Ethics in Philosophy Literature review

Moral and Ethics in Philosophy - Literature review ExampleThe headland-body problem according to Descartes the human bodies were likened to machinery that worked on their own rules fetching no lead from anything else. This he explained giving an example of the involuntary actions that make the body get into action. He pointed out the reflex action of a human being could not have included the mind since the external stimuli activate the nerve ending of the body and force them to act. However, although the body was free, there were situations where the mind worked as a lever exerting pressure on the body to make it bend to the demands of the mind. According to Descartes, the body was physical, could be influenced by early(a) material properties while the mind was non-physical, and, therefore, did not fall prey of any inhering laws. Rene attributed the interaction of the body and the mind to the pineal gland found in the brain, as this is not duplicated in the other side of the brai n and, therefore, provided a unifying factor in the interaction. He believed this interaction make it possible for the mind to exert influence over the body and make it act in a certain way. He also stated that the body was also capable of influencing the mind, which is rather rational, and forcing it into action done an act of passion.Following the assertions make by Descartes, Hobbes disagreed on the aspect of the immaterial mind and states that the mind is made up of sense, imagination, and the working of language and it does not consist of any other rational characteristic other than these. (Marmysz 180). According to Hobbes, all the ideas that human beings experience is resultant from our senses directly or indirectly, he explains how our thoughts work with the formation of ideas and a comprehensive look at sensations and the workings of imagination. Hobbes denies the existence of an immaterial mind and attempts to puzzle out the mind-body problem through the philosophy of l anguage. Hobbes attempts to solve the problem led him to come up with the signification theory, where he explains that, for example, in naming man introduces a mark in his mind to bring a excogitation concerning the item on which it is imposed to help him in the association process. He, therefore, states that naming is a way of move marks on the memory (Marmysz 180). In his works, he states that aspects of language are arbitrary and conventional, through this, he fails to explain how then the marks for memory used in naming are able to be constant with different languages as Descartes pointed out when countering Hobbes views (Broughton and Carriero 18).

The 1998 Repeal of Glass Steagall ( 1933) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The 1998 Repeal of Glass Steag on the whole ( 1933) - Essay ExampleThe reasoning behind the enactment of this act was to stick out the nodes with a one stop financial mart, where they could undertake all their financial activities with one institution, including both saving(a) and investment (Bartiromo, 2008).Before the decree, individuals could make their savings with the financial banks but turn to other financial institutions for investment. The lawmaking allowed the commercial banks to merge with other financial operate providing institutions and form Financial Holding Companies (FHC). With such mergers, the conclave of these financial service providers allowed them to indulge in all forms of financial activities for their customers (Gramm, 2009). Thus, the FHCs were free to provide such service as granting loans, insurance underwriting and policy offers, brokerage and investment serve to their customers, without the necessity of customers seeking such services from diffe rent institutions (Benston, 1972). Thus, the enactment was sort after, to ease customer activities of saving and investment.The other importance attached to the legislation is the fact that it would allow the financial institutions to exploit all the opportunities and revenue efficiencies, by increasing the scope of benefit making that was previously hindered by the laws that were in place, notably the Glass Steagall Act (White, 1986). Through the consolidation of all the financial services within the jurisdiction of one institution, the institutions could capture the revenues generated through the various financial services such as insurance underwriting, brokerage, deposits and savings and the issuance of commercial loans (Bartiromo, 2008).Since the operational expenses of such institutions would be reduced, through having consolidation of overhead costs as well as having the same staffs handle different customer transactions, the costs for such institutions would be highly redu ced, thus creating economies of scale. The costs

A paper which compares and discusses the 3 works of Philip Roth Essay

A paper which compares and discusses the 3 full treatment of Philip Roth Goodbye, Columbus shielder of the Faith and Eli, the Fanatic - strive ExampleThis is due to his fondness to his godliness and his in different behavior towards the materialistic world. His temper reveals a different sense of humor which is appreciated by all. I disfavourd the character of Brenda Patimkin because she is exactly the opposite of what Neil Klug musical composition is. Her character portrays a sense of fuck towards the materialistic world. The character of Brenda is also portrayed as of a invalidating one by Philip Roth. This is because in the latter rive of the story she decides to end the relationship with Neil Klugman due to their clear differences.Another famous work by Philip Roth is the Defender of the Faith. This story like the other works by Philip Roth also tells about godliness and faith. It revolves around serjeant Marx who fights in the World War II. subsequently coming back f rom the war the Sergeant gets deeply involved in the Judaic religion. The Sergeant charm serving in the army lost his faith in the religion and started doing things which were prohibited in his religion (like he started eating kosher). The story deals with the transformation of Marx from a man of principles and faith to a different man who forgets his religion and views after he joins the army. But soon after he re transforms to the real ego when he realizes the need and the change. He analyzes three other Jewish trainees who held their religion and faith to a higher(prenominal) position then serving in the army. In this story I admire the character of Sergeant Marx. This is because of the firm belief of Marx in his principles. He is portrayed as a strong man who has gone(a) through a lot of changes but who still has a firm belief in his religion and faith. The payoffs taken by the trainees due to the kindness shown to them by Marx are a thing which I dislike in the story. The story Eli, the Fanatic tells us about the incidents and events occurred after a small ultra-Orthodox Yeshiva entered into a Jewish middle-class society in America. Philip Roth described the feelings of the members of the Jewish community. They were outraged and anxious as they worked profound to maintain peace in the community. He described their anxiety to protect their well-balanced community. Eli was a Jewish lawyer and people appealed him to restrict the outsiders from entering in their grounds. I like the way Roth explains the Jewish unknowingness and crudeness of the modern culture and derides their suspicion. The story is distinct in a way it exemplifies the complexity of banter about the educational standard of the Jewish society in a broken Jewish race. It intelligibly shows the difference of two different standards of Jewish community. One part of the community is well-educated and realistic, whereas the other part consists of superstitious and backward people. They re ly on the past and are not ready to forget their gaga traditions and values which is quiet important for their progress at present These three stories are based on the same themes but have different stories and different views. Goodbye Columbus deals with the issue of socio economic differences and classes. It deals with the love of people for the materialistic world that is a common sight in the world. While in the Defender of the Faith the writer tells about the transformation of a man. It tells about people like Grossbart who take advantage of kind people like Marx. In the third

Current Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Current Entrepreneurship - Research Paper practiceAcademic programs have been instituted, which equips scholars just with the management knowledge, who eventually assume daily operations in art corporations. An entrepreneur is an initiator, while entrepreneurship accommodates any private or public organization, or individual, with the potential to respond to ever so changing demands, utilizes smart technologies and produces additional value from the as poses at disposal, alike entailing the need to motivate the continual phenomena of pictorial entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs seek to utilize their ideas by introducing new authority of meeting demands, or changing existing core of commodity delivery in order to add value. Primarily, an entrepreneur carries out varying activities including adopting innovative means of addressing socially related problems seeking to challenge traditional manner of working incorporating ideas, people, and resources so as to combine change spottin g argumentation opportunities and optimizing on resources which are under utilised and taking uncertainties and risks as well(p) as responding to an issue with clarity over the outcome right in mind. Entrepreneurship involves people who have new ideas, consistently accompanied by a purposeful search of resources and assets. Entrepreneurs engage in discovery as well as they proceeding opportunities with an aim of creating value through meeting the needs which were previously unmet they also strive for better slipway of delivering current commodities (products and services). In order for entrepreneurship to be successful, effort tem is thus required. This may start with a draw who is a dynamic individual, and wants to institute change in the current business processes. In entrepreneurship, skills and... This research aims to evaluate and present entrepreneurship that involves people who have new ideas, consistently accompanied by a purposeful search of resources and assets. Entr epreneurs engage in discovery as well as they exploit opportunities with an aim of creating value through meeting the needs which were previously unmet they also strive for better ways of delivering current commodities (products and services). In order for entrepreneurship to be successful, effort tem is thus required. This may start with a leader who is a dynamic individual, and wants to institute change in the current business processes. The scope of entrepreneurship therefore covers the goals set - which run the organization, as well as the entrepreneurial approach of achieving such goals. In economic development, the mapping of entrepreneurship entails more than just accumulating per capital income and output it entails initiation and constitution of change in the business structure, the economic system as well as society. The referred change is followed by growth of premise and increased income, which permits more riches to be shared amongst various participants. Entrepreneu rship has been acknowledged as a major tool to help keep going the gap between science and the business market although entrepreneurs faced challenges of lack of managerial skills necessary for streak their businesses. Although entrepreneurs face a lot of difficulties, entrepreneurship holds the most effective means of commercializing innovations, forming new enterprises, as well as introducing new commodities to the market.

Empowerment and Goal Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empowerment and destruction Setting - Essay ExampleIt is perplexitys responsibility to create an environment in which that knowledge is brought out and utilise for the benefit of the people and the organisation.An employees ability to solve problems, make decisions and take be activeions based on those decisions, management has oftentimes encouraged the first two but has failed to allow the third. (Holbeche 2004, p.60).Three organisations utilising the empowerment process are Delphi Packard (Delphi), new Mobile and Ritz Carlton Hotels, all three organisations are applying the process differently and with differing results.Delphi is applying empowerment as stated in the Holbeche quote from a management perspective, the lead engineer responsible for the day to day engineering management of the Ford Transit Project, has been empowered to request overtime for contractors and permanent staff. The necessity for it and the amount of time ask needs to be agreed by senior management. T he lead engineer also has the responsibility for natural endowment appraisals and assigning staff responsibilities. All of which merely removes some of the repetitive tasks from the HR department.In opposition the junior(a) staff at Delphi have been given more empowerment as an engineer can act on his decision to make changes to the system without the need to consult the lead engineer.